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Principles of Sociology 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

Sociology in a Changing World

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1
Q

Functionalist Theories

A

focus on consensus and cooperative interaction in social life, emphasizing how the different parts of a society contribute to its overall operations

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2
Q

Objective

A

Material world

economics, technology

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3
Q

How to operate in a diverse society

A

we need to understand not only how we make sense of the world, but how other people do so as well

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4
Q

Meso

A

Medium scale

companies, organizations

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5
Q

Durkheim most responsible for

A

Establishing sociology as an academic discipline

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6
Q

Mechanical Solidarity

A

Social cohesion based on shared experience and a common identity with limited individuality (small communities)

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7
Q

Rationallity

A

The use of reason and logical calculation to achieve a goal as efficiently as possible

Responsible for the formation of bureaucracies within large organizations

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8
Q

Harriet Matineau

A

First female sociologist — issues of gender discrimination and slavery.

Translated the work of Comte for english speaking audiences

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9
Q

Conflict Theories

A

focus on issues contention, power, inequality, highlighting the competition for scarce resources

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10
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

argued society is a “social organism” - society is made up of separate parts, each with a unique function, that work together to sustain the entire organism

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11
Q

Core Concepts of sociological perspective

A

Culture
Structure
Power

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12
Q

Auguste Comte

A

Father of sociology

Argued for the empirical study of society

Analyzed social statics and dynamics

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13
Q

Power

A

the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others

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14
Q

Marx highlighted which core concept in sociology?

A

Power — Economic power could be used to influence others aspects of social life (Government, School, Media)

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15
Q

Sociology

A

The systematic study of the relationship between individuals and society

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16
Q

Which belief did Comte believe enabled a deeper understanding of human life and was the key to solving persistent social problems?

A

Positivism - a belief that accurate knowledge must be based on scientific method

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17
Q

Who helped establish the idea that the social world could be the subject of systematic, scientific investigation?

A

Comte and Spencer

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18
Q

Social Solidarity

A

The collective bonds that connect individuals

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19
Q

Sociology Perspective

A

Is to see and understand the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live

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20
Q

W.E.B Du Bois

A

First African American to obtain a PhD from Harvard

Groundbreaking research on race in America. Promoted racial justice.

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21
Q

Latent Functions

A

unrecognized and unintended consequences

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22
Q

Max Weber

A

Argued for the importance of ideas, ideologies, and charismatic leaders

Argued for value free sociology

Argued cultural beliefs could influence economic development.

Tried to understand social action (behavior) by viewing it from a perspective of, Verstehen - “understanding”

Contributed through his effort to explain the shift from traditional to rational action

Most prophetic

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23
Q

“You’ve got to play the cards you’re dealt in life”

A

Metaphor’s point — You don’t get to choose the cards you are dealt, but you do get to decide how you will play them

24
Q

Anomie

A

social normlessness, without moral guidance or standards

25
Q

Macro

A

Large scale

Politics, major institutions

26
Q

Dimensions of Theory

A

Consensus <===> Conflict
Objective <===> Subjective
Micro <== Meso ==> Macro

27
Q

Subjective

A

World of ideas

values, beliefs

28
Q

Heart of Sociological Perspective

A

Understanding the connections that influence who you are and who you can be — Your identity and your social environment in which you live

29
Q

Manifest Functions

A

the recognized and intended consequences of social phenomena

30
Q

Key founders of sociology

A

Karl Marx
Emile Durkheim
Max Weber

31
Q

Feminist Theories

A

Feminist theories explain the social, economic, and political position of women in society.

They maintain that women suffer injustice because of their sex.

They seek to free women from traditionally oppressive expectations and constraints.

32
Q

Which dimensions of social life is Symbolic interactionist theories associated with?

A

Subjective and Micro

33
Q

Traditional Action

A

Beliefs and customs often charged with emotional significance that are passed on from generation to generation

34
Q

The roots of functionalist theories

A

Spencer and Durkheim

35
Q

Collective conscience

A

the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a community

36
Q

Positivism

A

A belief that accurate knowledge must be based on scientific method

37
Q

Symbolic interactionist theories

A

focus on how society emerges from people’s use of shared symbols in the course of their everyday interactions

Weber - “Verstehen”

38
Q

Comte’s two fundamental questions about social life

A

How and why do societies change?

What is the basis of social stability at a specific historical moment?

39
Q

Division of labor

A

people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills

40
Q

Organic Solidarity

A

form of social cohesion, characteristic of modern industrial societies, that is based on interdependence (larger communities)

“Social Organism”

41
Q

Rationalization of Society

A

the long term historical process by which rationality replaced tradition as the basis for organizing social and economic life

42
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Most interested in social solidarity — proposition that society is held together by shared cultural values, promoted through custom and tradition, and spelled out through laws

Analyzed
>social facts (aspects of life external to the individual)
>Social solidarity (cohesion and harmony)
>Division of labor (interdependence of different tasks and occupations)

Conducted study of suicide and social integration

43
Q

Jane Addams

A

Social reformer and the founder of Hull House (settlement house) - provided wide range of social services in the poor immigrant communities of Chicago

First American woman to win a Noble Peace Prize

Influence on the development of urban sociology

44
Q

Consensus

A

Cooperation, solidarity

45
Q

Karl Marx

A

Analyzed Industrial Revolution
Studied
>Capitalism (an economic system in which ownership of the means of production is in private hands)
>Class conflict between capitalists and proletariat
>Alienation (feelings of separation)

Wealth gave few people power, which they used to control governments and cultural institutions

46
Q

Roots of conflict theories

A

Marx and Weber

47
Q

Social Sciences

A

Political
economics
psychology
anthropology

48
Q

Micro

A

Small scale

one on one interaction, small groups

49
Q

Conflict

A

Tension, disputes, inequality

50
Q

C. Wright Mills (Sociological Perspective)

A

The sociological imagination — the ability to see the connection between individual lives and larger social influences.
>Personal troubles (biography)
>Structural issues (historical)

Characteristics and circumstances influence who we are and the options we have

As social conditions change, so do the lives of individuals

51
Q

Structure

A

the recurring patterns of behavior in social life

52
Q

The common ground is the ________ and the ______ are at its heart

A

Sociological Perspective

Core Concepts

53
Q

Dysfunctional

A

inhibiting or disrupting the working of a system as a whole

54
Q

Culture

A

the collection of values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, language, behaviors, and material objects shared by people and socially transmitted from generation to generation

55
Q

Why do we need Sociology?

A

it helps us look more objectively at our society and other societies. It explains how the parts of society fit together and change, as well as makes us aware of the consequences of that social change

Principles of Sociology 101 (13 decks)

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