Chapter 1 Flashcards
Goals of behavioral science
Describe
Predict
Explain
Control
Step 1
Identify a problem
- find new ideas - area of interest - research hypothesis
Step 2
Develop research plan
- define variables being tested
- identify participants and how to sample
- select research strategy and design
Step 3
Conduct study
Step 4
Analyze and evaluate data
- statistics
- is hypothesis supported/ non supported
Step5
Communicate results
- published paper
- oral presentation
Step 6
Generate new ideas
Basic research
Exploring and expanding knowledge
Applied research
Finding potential solutions for an issue
The 3 C’s for conducting a literature review
- comprehensive
- critical
- clever
Comprehensive
- multiple databases
- know format for journal articles
Critical
- ask questions and remain objective
- know sources
Clever
-unique ways to advance research
Format for journal article
- abstract
- introduction
- method
- results
- discussion
- references
Belmont report 3 principles
- respect for persons
- beneficence
- justice
Respect for persons
-autonomous agents : participants capable of making informed decisions
Beneficence
- protect from harm and ensure well-being of participants
- maximize benefits and minimize potential
Justice
- fairly administered, non-exploitative research
- participants involved are representative of those who would benefit
Construct (conceptual) variable
Known to exist, but cannot directly be measured
Operational definition
Ways in which a construct can be measured
- forms of measurement
Quantitative variable
Varies by amount
-measured as a numeric number
Qualitative variable
Varies by class
-category or label
Continuous variable
Can take on a full range of values
-infinite number of potential values
Discrete variable
Can only be whole numbers
-no values can exist between
Reliability
How consistent, stable, or repeatable an observation/ measurement is
Test-retest reliability
Same individual; two different times (same test is given)
-same person retaking same test
Interrater reliability
2 or more raters agree on same observation
Internal consistency
Cronbach’s alpha
-how closely related a set of items are as a group
Validity
The extent to which a measurement for variable/ construct measures what is supposed to measure
Face validity
Content appears to accurately reflect construct
Construct validity
Is operational definition actually measuring the construct
Content validity
Adequately includes all parts of defined construct
Criterion-related validity
Looks at relationships between measure and expected outcomes
- predictive
- concurrent (distinguish)
- convergent (correlate)
- discriminant
Participant
Human volunteer
Subject
Non human subjected to research
Target population
All members of group of interest
Accessible population
Portion of target population that can be sampled from
Convenience sampling
Subjects or participants are selected based on how easy it is to access them
Quota sampling
Sampling subgroups of participants to resemble target population
Probability sampling
Sample is selected from target population
Non probability sampling
Sample is selected from accessible population
Simple random sampling
All subjects/ participants have equal chance of being selected
Simple stratified random sampling
Equal number from each subgroup is selected
Proportionate stratified random sampling
Participants of individuals selected from each subgroup to represent population
Systematic sampling
First person randomly selected then every nth person thereafter until all have been selected
Cluster sampling
Clusters randomly selected; all individuals in each cluster used
Multistage sampling
Random sample of clusters followed by random sample of individuals within clusters
