Chapter 1 Flashcards
what percent of men are overweight or obese?
74%
What percent of women are overweight or obese?
64%
What percent of children ages 2 and up are overweight ?
32%
What is a obesogenic environment?
Food ability and portion sizes, decreased activity
What are some challenges for nutritional professionals
Increased numbers of older adults
Food pattern health risks
Rapid increase in racial diversity
Processed foods and chemicals in food
People’s genes
How do nutrients give out incorrect information
Internet sources and websites
Misleading sale information
Reliable sources to information include what?
Government agencies
Universities
State extension services
Medical facilities
Specific Chemical compounds and elements in food
Nutrients
How many nutrients have been found to be essential to human life and health?
50
What are the essential macronutrients and micronutrients?
Macro nutrients – carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water
Micro nutrients – vitamins and minerals
The sum of all chemical reactions that use nutrients
Metabolism
What are the three general functions of nutrients in the body?
They provide energy
They build and repair body tissues
They regulate metabolism and maintain homeostasis
This is the storage form of carbohydrate used for quick energy
Glycogen
The body’s primary source of fuel for heat and energy?
Carbohydrates
What percent of total calories should be supplied by carbohydrates?
45 to 65%
Your calories should come more from complex (starch) or simple (sugars)carbohydrates?
Complex
Each gram of carbohydrates yields how many kcals when metabolized in the body?
4kcal
Fats come from what type of sources?
Animal and plant sources
Fats yield how many kcals per gram?
9
What percent of total fat calories should you consume a day?
20% to 35%
Should the fats you eat be unsaturated or saturated?
Unsaturated are more healthy
What is the primary function of Proteins?
Tissue building
But can also be used for energy if needed
How many kcal for Proteins per gram?
4
Protiens - what percent of total calories?
10-35%
These are broken down into amino acids, the tissues are constantly broken down and rebuild
Protiens
What do protiens form?
Enzymes and hormones
Minerals help build tissues:
What type of mineral gives strength to bones and teeth?
Calcium and phosphorus
What type of mineral is a component of hemoglobin
and binds oxygen for transport to cells?
Iron
Complex molecules needed in very minute amount, but essential in certain tissues
Vitamins
This vitamin helps produce the substance that cements tissues together and prevents tissue bleeding
Vitamin c
This vitamin is needed in the rods and cones of the eye and is needed for vision and dim light
Vitamin a
This helps control cell metabolism
Minerals
Component of cell enzyme systems
Govern reactions that produce energy and synthesize important molecules
Vitamins
This is important to form the blood, lymph and intercellular fluid that transport nutrients to cells and removes waste
Metabolism regulation
Water
What is the concept of nutrient interrelationships?
What type of roles do nutrients have?
No nutrient ever works alone
Nutrients have many different metabolism functions such as a primary role or supporting role
This is referred to as the nutritional health of an individual
Nutritional status
What is your nutritional status influenced by?
Your living situation, social and economic factors, available food, food choices, state of health
How do you evaluate someone’s nutritional status?
Dietary records
Blood nutrient levels/deficiencies
Measurements of weight for height
Clinical assessments looking at skin, hair, eyes
What is optimal nutrition
When one meets their day-to-day nutrient needs and maintains appropriate nutrients
What is undernutrition
When someone lacks the nutrients they need to sustain a healthy pregnancy or childhood growth spurt
What is under nutrition caused by?
Poor eating habits
Stressed environments
No where to obtain food or nutrients
This is when nutrient intake is not sufficient to meet day to day needs
Energy needs may be met but micronutrients are lacking
Overt nutrition
How many US households report food insecurity?
14.9%
Excessive energy intake and low physical active and weight gain
Can also occur with excessive intakes of micronutrients from supplements
Overnutrition
Nutrient content of food to its energy content
Nutrition density
What are nutrient dense foods?
Vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acid’s, proteins, kcals
What is empty calorie foods?
When foods have kcals but no essential nutrients
Until about what year were policies and programs intended to get rid of hunger malnutrition and deficiency diseases?
Created free or reduced cost lunches
1950
Development of nutrition policy
What year did they passed a law to add vitamin D in milk?
1930
Development of nutrition policy
What year did the development nutrition policy focus on overnutrition?
1980s
What year did the department of health develop a public health initiative addressing diet physical activity and other health related lifestyle factors which is updated every 10 years
1990
What are the three nutritional guides for food selection
Nutrition standards
Dietary guidelines
Food guides
An intake goal for all healthy people
Recommend diet Mary allowance
This sets a dietary goal when new research suggests a health benefit
Adequate intake
A guide for practitioners advising people on the use of dietary supplements
Tolerable upper intake level
Used to evaluate the nutrient intakes of population groups
Estimated average requirement
This divides the calories among carbohydrates fats and proteins to range for support of health
Acceptable macronutrient distribution range
Who uses dietary guidelines?
Government agencies, healthcare providers, professional groups
How many years is the dietary guidelines updated
Every five years
Based on new nutrition science
The dietary guidelines for Americans are directed toward who?
Directed toward an unhealthy American public
8 dietary guidelines for Americans
Encourage lower calorie in nutrient dense foods
Encourage plant-based foods
Encourage lower fat or fat free milk
Reduce sodium intake to less than 1500 mg
Encourage two servings of seaweed weekly for n-three fatty acid’s
Regular physical activity to reduce overweight or obesity
Prevention of chronic diseases/heart health
What is the goal of my plate food guidance system
To choose smaller portions and nutrient dense foods lower in calories
The exchange list for meal planning is a meal planning tool for people with diabetes it was first introduced in what year?
What does it help control?
1950 American diabetes Association
Control of carbs fAt and protein and calories
How to prevent foodborne illness?
Wash your food
Cook poultry meat and eggs thoroughly
Handwashing
Personal perceptions of food can be based on what?
Ethnic background Religious believes Family habits Economic status Health status Geographic location Personal likes and dislikes
What are a few ways you can assess your food patterns?
Keep a record of everything you eat and drink
Use a dietary assessment tool such as my plate
What is the cdcs role?
Conducts and Supports health promotion,prevention and goal of improving over all health
FDA s role?
The FDA is responsible for protecting public health by ensuring the safety of our nations food supply
What is the USDA’s roll?
Inspecting food to ensure the safety of the American public
The study of effects of nutrients and other bioactive substances found in food on genes, body proteins, and metabolites
Nutrigenomics
The study of effect of an individuals particular genetic make up on metabolic and physiologic functions
Nutrigenetics
State of dynamic equilibrium with in the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis
The sum of the process involved in taking in food
Nutrition
