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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Properties of water?

A

Water is polar, water resists temperature changes, and water expands when it freezes.

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2
Q

**Polar molecule =

A

A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge.

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3
Q

**Polar molecules have?

A

A positive and a negative end.

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4
Q

**Polar molecules attract?

A

Other polar molecules and charged ions..

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5
Q

**What is adhesion?

A

Polar molecules attract other polar molecules as well as charged ions.

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6
Q

What happens when two water molecules come in close contact?

A

The negative oxygen end is attracted to the other water molecules positive hydrogen end.

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7
Q

**What is cohesion?

A

The attraction of opposite charges (the negative oxygen and the positive hydrogen end) forms a weak bond called a hydrogen bond and the property is referred to as cohesion.

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8
Q

**The combination of adhesion and cohesion result in?

A

The movement of water through plants by capillary action and surface tension - type of cohesion.

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9
Q

**Because of waters polarity -

A

It is the universal solvent.

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10
Q

**Why does water require more heat to increase it temperature than other liquids?

A

Because hydrogen bonds between each molecule, as you add water, must be broken to move around.

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11
Q

**What is high specific heat?

A

It takes more heat to break the bonds of a water molecule than most substances.

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12
Q

What happens when water cools?

A

It gives off a lot of heat.

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13
Q

High heat of fusion?

A

The characteristic of water giving off a lot of heat when it cools.

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14
Q

Because water takes longer to heat up and cool down, it is like an?

A

Insulator that helps maintain a steady environment when conditions fluctuate outside and within our own bodies/cells.

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15
Q

What happens when water begins to freeze?

A

More and more hydrogen bonds are formed and the water molecules come more spread apart.

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16
Q

What happens when ice forms?

A

It becomes less dense than the surrounding liquid water, therefore ice floats.

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17
Q

**What is a mixture?

A

A combination of substances which the individual components retain their own properties. E.g., sand and salt; salt and pepper.

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18
Q

**What is a solution?

A

A mixture in which one or more substances (solutea) are distributed evenly in another substance (solvent).

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19
Q

**What is one substance dissolved in another and will not settle out? E.g., salt water

A

Solution.

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20
Q

Organisms can’t live unless?

A

The concentration of dissolved substances stays within a specific, narrow range.

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21
Q

When can chemical reactions occur?

A

When conditions are right.

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22
Q

**What is a very important condition of a chemical reaction?

A

pH of a solution.

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23
Q

**What does pH measure?

A

The percent of hydrogen in a substance, indicating how acidic or basic a solution is.

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24
Q

**What is the pH scale for acidic?

A

0-6.9

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25
Q

**What is the pH scale for basic?

A

7.1-14

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26
Q

**What is the pH scale for neutral?

A

7

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27
Q

**What is an acid?

A

A substance that forms hydrogen ions in water.

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28
Q

**What is a base?

A

A substance that forms hydroxide ions in water.

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29
Q

**What is it called with the number of H+ and OH- ions are equal?

A

The solution is neutral with a pH of 7.

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30
Q

What is a protein?

A

A large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes suffer which allows protein to bend.

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31
Q

What is a monomer?

A

A component of a protein, called amino acids composed of a central atom attached to a carbon group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a variable group-R.

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32
Q

How are amino acids linked together?

A

Peptide bonds.

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33
Q

How many amino acids are they for all proteins?

A

20

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34
Q

What determines the function of a protein?

A

The order of the amino acids determine its function.

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35
Q

What is the function of a protein?

A

Proteins catalyze metabolic reactions.

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36
Q

Many proteins are __________ which catalyze metabolic reactions in living organisms.

A

Enzymes.

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37
Q

What does lactase do?

A

Lactase is an enzyme which digests lactose (milk sugar), some people lack this enzyme, and cannot digest lactose, which is found in dairy products.

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38
Q

What do proteins act as?

A

Chemical messengers.

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39
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

They are chemical messengers composed of proteins that send chemical messages throughout the body.

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40
Q

What is insulin?

A

A peptide hormone that regulates blood sugar.

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41
Q

What do proteins make up?

A

Structural components found in living things. E.g., keratin is the key structural component of hair and nails; slogan and elastin are two proteins founding connective tissue (bones, muscle, skin)

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42
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

A complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.

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43
Q

What are monomers?

A

Components of a nucleic acid called nucleotides. Have C, H, O, N, P)

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44
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

Sugar, phosphate molecule and 4 nitrogeneous bases.

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45
Q

What is our DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid - which contains our genetic code - how to make all our proteins.

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46
Q

What is the shape of our DNA?

A

Double helix.

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47
Q

What is RNA?

A

Ribonucleic acid - takes the code from the DNA and actually takes part in making our proteins.

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48
Q

What is the shape of our RNA?

A

Singe strand.

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49
Q

Two functions of nucleic acids?

A

Genetic information storage and protein synthesis.

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50
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

The store an organisms genetic information.

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51
Q

What does every organism on earth use to carry its genetic information?

A

DNA

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52
Q

How is genetic information passed on from parent to offspring?

A

DNA

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53
Q

What is it in an organism’s DNA that hold instruction to make proteins?

A

Genes

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54
Q

Proteins carry out?

A

Necessary life functions.

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55
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The branch of chemistry that deals with the structure, properties andreactinsof compounds that contain carbon.

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56
Q

How many electrons does carbon have?

A

6 electrons and 4 electrons in its outermost energy level.

57
Q

Why is carbon unique?

A

Because it can potentially form four bonds with other elements - single, double,triple bonds can be formed.

58
Q

When carbon atoms bond with each other they form?

A

Chain, branched or ring formations.

59
Q

What is a biomolecule?

A

Large organic compounds (contains 10s, 100s, to 1000s of carbon atoms.

60
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Compounds with same chemical formula but different molecular structure.

61
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule formed when many small molecules (monomers) bind together.

62
Q

What is it called when a polymer is formed?

A

The chemical reaction is called dehydration synthesis and a H20 molecule is removed.

63
Q

What is it called when a polymer is broken down?

A

The chemical reaction is called hydrolysis and a H20 molecule is added to separate the molecule.

64
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A biomolecule composed of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen is a 1:2:1 ratio.

65
Q

What does the word carbohydrate mean?

A

Watered Carbon

66
Q

What does the prefix glycol refer to?

A

Sugar

67
Q

What does the suffix - ose refer to?

A

It is used to name sugars.

68
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

An immediate energy source, short-term energy storage, and structural support.

69
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide.

70
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A simple (small) sugar. E.g., glucose, fructose.

71
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together. E.g., dehydration reaction of glucose and fructose (table sugar).

72
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

Polymers composed of many monosaccharide subunits.

73
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A glucose polymer used by plants for structure. It is made oblong chains arranged like a chained link fence.

74
Q

What are starches?

A

A glucose polymer arranged in branched chains. Used by plants for energy storage and food for seeds and bulbs.

75
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A highly branched glucose polymer which is stored energy in the liver and muscles by mammals.

76
Q

What is chitin?

A

A structural polymer used the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi. (also used as internal sutures)

77
Q

What is a lipid?

A

Large biomolecules that are made mostly or carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. t can be reduced to a 1:2:1 ratio.

78
Q

Are lipids insoluble in water?

A

Yes, because their molecules are non polar and repel water. E.g., fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

79
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Storing energy, signaling, and acting as the structural components of cell membranes.

80
Q

What are the components of a lipid?

A

Three fatty acids, one glycerol molecule, referred to as a triglyceriad, most contain chains of carbons and hydrogens called hydrocarbons.

81
Q

Lipids can be?

A

Saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated.

82
Q

What is a saturated lipid?

A

All of the carbon atoms are single and bonded together.

83
Q

What is an unsaturated lipid?

A

A double bond exists between carbons - less hydrogen is present now.

84
Q

What is a polyunsaturated lipid?

A

Has more than one double bond between carbons.

85
Q

Why is a polyunsaturated lipid important health wise?

A

There are less H+ ions to clog blood vessels.

86
Q

Are steroids polyunsaturated?

A

Yes - including cholesterol and sex hormones.

87
Q

What are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers?

A

Phospholipids

88
Q

What do most phospholipids contain?

A

A diglyceride and a phosphate group.

89
Q

What are the polar heads and tails of a phospholipid?

A

The polar heads are hydrophillic and the non polar tails are hydrophobic.

90
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of life.

91
Q

What is a key aspect of biology?

A

Simply learning about the different types of living things around you. Biologists have not yet answered all the questions about life.

92
Q

What will you ask when studying the different types of living things?

A

What, why and how questions about life.

93
Q

Why do biologists study the interactions of life?

A

Living things do not exist in isolation; they are all functioning parts in the balance of nature.

94
Q

Biologists study the __________ of life.

A

Diversity.

95
Q

Biologists study the __________ of the environment.

A

Interactions.

96
Q

When studying living things, a biologist must study -

A

All shelving (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) things to get a thorough understanding of nature.

97
Q

What is an organism?

A

Anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life.

98
Q

What are the characteristics of living things?

A
  1. Have an orderly structure. 2. All organisms need a source of energy to carry out life processes. 3. Adjust to changes in the environment. 4. Produce offspring. 5. All levels of life have systems of related parts. 6. Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. 7. Living things adapt and evolve.
99
Q

How do living things have an orderly structure?

A

Living things are highly organized e.g., we are composed of cells all of which contain DNA, etc.

100
Q

Why is it important for organisms to have a source of energy to carry out life processes?

A

Energy is important for metabolism or all chemical processes that build up or break down materials.

101
Q

How must organisms adjust to changes in the environment?

A
  1. Organisms must be able to respond to stimuli in their environment. 2. They must be able to react to their environment to survive. 3. Light, temperature and touch are just a few of the physical factors called stimuli, to which organisms must respond.
102
Q

Why is producing offspring important?

A

Living things are able to reproduce. Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual but it is essential for the continuation of the organism’s species.

103
Q

All organisms have _______ that they pass on to offspring.

A

DNA

104
Q

_______ = a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

A

Specie.

105
Q

All levels of life have systems of related parts. What is a system?

A

An organized group of interacting parts.

106
Q

A cell is?

A

A system of chemicals and processes.

107
Q

A body system?

A

Includes organs that interact.

108
Q

Organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive in diverse environments. What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of constant internal conditions and is usually maintained through negative feedback.

109
Q

____ ____ systems return a conditions to its normal (set) point.

A

Negative feedback.

110
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Any inherited structure, behavior or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring.

111
Q

What is evolution?

A

The gradual change in a species over time.

112
Q

What is the scientific method?

A
  1. Make observations. 2. Form a hypothesis. 3. Collect and analyze data. 4. Evaluate and publish results. 5. Form a theory.
113
Q

How do you make observations?

A

Using your senses.

114
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

An educated guess to test an explanation or to answer a question.

115
Q

Collect and analyze data includes?

A

Experimenting to collect the data.

116
Q

Evaluate and publish results and ……

A

Possibly begin the cycle again.

117
Q

What will other scientists do?

A

They will analyze the procedure, examine the evidence, identify faulty reasoning, point out statements that go beyond the evidence and suggest alternative explanations for the same observations.

118
Q

Form a theory =

A

A hypothesis that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence.

119
Q

If necessary, scientists develop a _____ hypothesis or ________ the theory.

A

New, revise.

120
Q

What is a controlled experiment?

A

It involves two groups - a control group and an experimental group.

121
Q

The control group =

A

The part of the experiment that is the standard against which results are compared ( nothing changes).

122
Q

The experimental group =

A

The test group that receives experimental treatment (something, variable has been changed).

123
Q

Three parts to designing an experiment?

A
  1. Independent variable. 2. Dependent variable. 3. Constants.
124
Q

What is the independent variable?

A

The condition in the experiment that is tested?

125
Q

What is the dependent variable?

A

The condition that results from changes in the independent variable.

126
Q

What are constants?

A

Are conditions that are kept the same.

127
Q

What are the 3 types of investigation?

A

Descriptive, comparative, and experimental.

128
Q

A descriptive investigation involves?

A

Describing and/or quantifying parts of a natural system. E.g., observing cells under a microscope and diagraming what is seen.

129
Q

What does a comparative investigation involve?

A

Collecting data on different populations/organisms, under different conditions (e.g., times of year, locations, to make a comparison.

130
Q

What does an experimental investigation involve?

A

Is when a “fair test” is designed in which variables are actively manipulated, controlled, and measured in an effort to gather evidence to support or rent a causal relationship. E.g., changing the height of a ramp to determine how far a marble will roll.

131
Q

What are the two main kinds of information?

A

Quantitative and Qualitative.

132
Q

What is quantitative information?

A

You obtain this kind of information when you conduct an experiment that results in counts or measurement.

133
Q

Quantitative data may be used to make?

A

Graphs or tables.

134
Q

Accuracy is?

A

How close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured.

135
Q

Precision is?

A

The exactness of a measurement.

136
Q

What is qualitative information?

A

This is observable data - that is written descriptions of what scientists observe.

137
Q

Why is qualitative information important?

A

Some phenomena are not easily expressed as numbers. It deals with descriptions. Data can be observed but not measured.

138
Q

Examples of data that can be observed but not measured?

A

Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, etc.

139
Q

The seven points of 1.2:

A
  1. Have organization, 2. metabolism, 3. adjust to stimuli, 4. reproduce, 5. organized system, 6. maintain homeostasis, 7. adapt/evolve.

biology (12 decks)

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