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biology > Ch. 2.3 Life Substances II > Flashcards

Ch. 2.3 Life Substances II Flashcards

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1
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The branch of chemistry that deals with the structure, properties and reactions of compounds that contain carbon.

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2
Q

How many electrons does carbon have?

A

6 electrons and 4 electrons in its outermost energy level.

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3
Q

Why is carbon unique?

A

Because it can potentially form four bonds with other elements - single, double,triple bonds can be formed.`

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4
Q

When carbon atoms bond with each other they form?

A

Chain, branched or ring formations.

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5
Q

**What is a biomolecule?

A

Large organic compounds (contains 10s, 100s, to 1000s of carbon atoms.

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6
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Compounds with same chemical formula but different molecular structure.

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7
Q

**What is a polymer?

A

A large molecule formed when many small molecules (monomers) bind together.

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8
Q

What is it called when a polymer is formed?

A

The chemical reaction is called dehydration synthesis and a H20 molecule is removed.

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9
Q

What is it called when a polymer is broken down?

A

The chemical reaction is called hydrolysis and a H20 molecule is added to separate the molecule.

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10
Q

**What is a carbohydrate?

A

A biomolecule composed of carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen is a 1:2:1 ratio.

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11
Q

What does the word carbohydrate mean?

A

Watered Carbon

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12
Q

**What does the prefix glyco refer to?

A

Sugar

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13
Q

**What does the suffix - ose refer to?

A

It is used to name sugars.

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14
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

An immediate energy source, short-term energy storage, and structural support.

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15
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide.

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16
Q

**What is a monosaccharide?

A

Carbohydrates can occur as a single monomer unit. A simple (small) sugar. E.g., glucose, fructose.

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17
Q

**What is a disaccharide?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together. E.g., dehydration reaction of glucose and fructose (table sugar).

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18
Q

**What is a polysaccharide?

A

Carbohydrates can also be found as polymers composed of many monosaccharide subunits.

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19
Q

**What is cellulose?

A

A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plants. A glucose polymer used by plants for structure. It is made of oblong chains arranged like a chained link fence.

20
Q

**What are starches?

A

A polysaccharide composed of branched glucose rings. A glucose polymer arranged in branched chains. Used by plants for energy storage and food for seeds and bulbs.

21
Q

**What is glycogen?

A

A polysaccharide that is more highly branched than starch. A highly branched glucose polymer which is stored energy in the liver and muscles by mammals.

22
Q

**What is chitin?

A

A polysaccharide that can be found in Kingdoms Animalia and Fungi. A structural polymer used the exoskeletons of arthropods and cell walls of fungi. (also used as internal sutures)

23
Q

**What is a lipid?

A

Large biomolecules (nonpolar) that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen. It can be reduced to a 1:2:1 ratio. Include fats, oils, waxes and steroids.

24
Q

Are lipids insoluble in water?

A

Yes, because their molecules are nonpolar and repel water. E.g., fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

25
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Storing energy, signaling, and acting as the structural components of cell membranes.

26
Q

**What are the components of a lipid?

A

Three fatty acids, one glycerol molecule, referred to as a triglyceriad, most contain chains of carbons and hydrogens called hydrocarbons.

27
Q

**Lipids can be?

A

Saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated.

28
Q

**What is a saturated lipid (fatty acid)?

A

Have the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms possible. All of the carbon atoms are single and bonded together.

29
Q

**What is an unsaturated lipid (fatty acid)?

A

Have fewer hydrogen atoms because there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms. Less hydrogen present.

30
Q

What is a polyunsaturated lipid?

A

Has more than one double bond between carbons.

31
Q

Why is a polyunsaturated lipid important health wise?

A

There are less H+ ions to clog blood vessels.

32
Q

**Steroids?

A

Polyunsaturated lipids that include cholesterol and sex hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone).

33
Q

**What are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers?

A

Phospholipids

34
Q

What do most phospholipids contain?

A

A diglyceride and a phosphate group.

35
Q

What are the polar heads and tails of a phospholipid?

A

The polar heads are hydrophillic and the non polar tails are hydrophobic.

36
Q

**What does the word carbohydrate literally mean?

A

Watered carbon.

37
Q

**Glucose?

A

Is a carbohydrate and the most important simple sugar (monosaccharide) in human metabolism.

38
Q

**What is a fatty acid?

A

Long, linear hydrocarbon chains with a carboxylic acid group.

39
Q

**What is glycerol?

A

A 3-carbon compound that is commonly found combined with fatty acids tails.

40
Q

**Triglyceride?

A

A molecule derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. It is mainly in vegetable oil and animal fats. An important source of energy in animals.

41
Q

**Phospholipid?

A

Consists of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. An important component of cell membranes.

42
Q

**What does a hydrocarbon chain look like as saturated and unsaturated?

A

Saturated has maximum amount of hydrogen atoms; unsaturated has fewer. Draw.

43
Q

**Cell membrane?

A

Lipids are an important component; the major component is the phospholipid. The cell membrane is referred to as the phospholipid bilayer because it is composed of two layers of phospholipids.

44
Q

**Steroid hormones?

A

Lipids that send messages throughout the body. “Chemical messengers.” E.g., male sex hormone that guides male sexual development.

45
Q

**Oil?

A

A triglyceride at room temperature.

46
Q

**Wax?

A

Simple lipid, long chain fatty-acid, not soluble in water.

biology (12 decks)

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