Chapter 1

Question 1

Types of microbes

Answer 1

bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa, algea, viruses

Question 2

functions of microbes

Answer 2

basis of food chain in water life
break down waste in soil
photosynthesis
digestion and vitamin synthesis
synthesis of chemical products (acetone and butanol)
makes certain foods (vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, soy sauce, cheese, yogurt, bread, and alcohol) insulin
pathogens

Question 3

genus

Answer 3

first name of an organism

always capitalized

Question 4

specific epithet

Answer 4

species name

always second and lower cased

Question 5

nomenclature

Answer 5

system of naming organisms

discovered by Linnaeus in 1735

Question 6

bacteria

Answer 6

simple single celled organisms
can form chains, clusters, pairs, or other groupings
cell wall made of peptidoglycan
use binary fission to reproduce
can use organic materials, inorganic materials, or photosynthesis for energy
prokaryotic

Question 7

bacillus

Answer 7

rod shaped bacterium

Question 8

cocus

Answer 8

spherical or ovoid shaped bacterium

Question 9

spiral

Answer 9

corkscrew or spiral shaped bacterium

Question 10

Archaea

Answer 10

prokaryotic
lack peptodoglycan
include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles

Question 11

Fungi

Answer 11

eukaryotic
unicellular or multicellular
call wall composed of chitin

Question 12

yeasts

Answer 12

unicellular type of fungi that are larger than bacteria

Question 13

molds

Answer 13

most typical type of fungi
form visible masses called mycelia which are composed of hyphae (long filaments)
reproduce sexually or asexually

Question 14

protozoa

Answer 14

eukaryotic

move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia

Question 15

algea

Answer 15

photosynthetic eukaryotes
sexual and asexual reproduction
cell wall composed of cellulose

Question 16

viruses

Answer 16

acellular
contain RNA or DNA
only living when invading host cell
surrounded by protein coat, sometimes a lipid envelope

Question 17

animal parasites

Answer 17

eukaryotes
include round worms and flat worms (helminths)
multicellular

Question 18

1665

Answer 18

Hooke discovered cells

Question 19

cell theory

Answer 19

all living things are composed of cells

Question 20

1673

Answer 20

van Leeuwenhoek discovered microorganisms in teeth scrapings, rainwater, and feces

Question 21

spontaneous generation

Answer 21

life could arise from nonliving matter

Question 22

biogenesis

Answer 22

living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells

Question 23

1857-1914

Answer 23

golden age of microbiology

rapid advances headed by Pasteur and Koch led to establishment of microbiology as a science

Question 24

fermentation

Answer 24

Pasteur discovered yeasts convert sugars to alcohol. 1857

Question 25

germ theory of disease

Answer 25

Koch discovered microorganisms can cause disease

Question 26

pasteurization

Answer 26

Pastuer discovered heating a solution to kill bacteria. 1864

Question 27

chemotherapy

Answer 27

treatment of disease by using chemical substances

Question 28

antibiotics

Answer 28

chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi

Question 29

synthetic drugs

Answer 29

chemothereputic agents prepared from chemicals

Question 30

recombinant DNA

Answer 30

hybrid of of fragments of human or animal DNA that code for specific proteins that are attached to bacterial DNA to make large quantities of the desired protein

Question 31

microbial ecology

Answer 31

study of the relationship between microorganisms and their enviornment

Question 32

bioremediation

Answer 32

using microbes to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes produced by various industrial processes

Question 33

normal microbiota (flora)

Answer 33

do us no harm and can even benefit us
prevent overgrowth of harmful microbes
produce vitamin K and vitamin B

Question 34

resistance

Answer 34

our ability to ward off diseases

skin, mucous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, interferons provide a barrier

Question 35

biofilm

Answer 35

complex aggregation of microbes