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NUTR1023 > Chapter 07 > Flashcards

Chapter 07 Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between satiety and satiation?

A

Satiety suppresses hunger (don’t eat again) while satiation tells us to stop eating in the moment

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2
Q

What macronutrient is the most satiating?

A

Protein

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3
Q

Gastrointestinal hormones that regulate food intake?

A 
●amylin 
● cholecystokinin (CCK) 
● enterostatin 
● ghrelin 
● glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) 
● oxyntomodulin ● pancreatic polypeptide (PP) ● peptide YY (PYY).
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4
Q

The total energy a body expends reflects three main categories of thermogenesis:

A 
● energy expended for basal metabolism 
● energy expended for physical activity 
● energy expended for food consumption.
A fourth category is sometimes involved: 
● energy expended for adaptation.
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5
Q

What percentage of daily calories is attributed to basal metabolism?

A

two thirds

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6
Q

When is BMR highest?

A

In very lean fit people and growing bodies, or people with fever or under stress

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7
Q

What is TEF?

A

The thermic effect of food is proportional to the food energy taken in and is usually estimated at 10 per cent of energy intake.

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8
Q

What is adaptive thermogenesis?

A

When the person must adapt to dramatically changed circumstances, such as extreme cold, overfeeding, starvation, physical conditioning etc

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9
Q

BMI calcualtion?

A

weight kg / height in m^2

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10
Q

When does on fall underweight and overweight in bmi?

A

over 25 and under 18.5

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11
Q

When does poor metabolic function occur in BMI

A

under 17

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12
Q

When is obese in BMI?

A

over 30

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13
Q

Who has more abdominal fat? men or women?

A

men, and women post menopause. Also smokers

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14
Q

What is the most practical indicator of fat distribution and central obesity?

A

waist circumference

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15
Q

What are the waist cirumference measurements for risk of CVD’s?

A

Greater than 88cm for women and 102 for men

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16
Q

Additional ways of measuring body composition?

A

Total body water, radioactive potassium count, near-infrared spectrophotometry, ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

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17
Q

Common methods to assess body fat

A
  • Skinfold
  • Air displacement plethysmography
  • Hydrodensitometry
  • Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
  • Bioelectrical impedance
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18
Q

When does body fat percentage become unhealthy?

A

22% for males and 32% for females

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19
Q

Cardiovascular disease risk factors associated with obesity:

A

high LDL cholesterol
low HDL cholesterol
high blood pressure (hypertension)
Diabetes

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20
Q

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of at least three of the following risk factors:

A 
high blood pressure
 high blood glucose 
high blood triglycerides 
low HDL cholesterol 
high waist circumference
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21
Q

How much likely are you to gain diabetes from being overweight/obese?

A

three times as likely

22
Q

Symptoms of Amenorrhoea?

A

Amenorrhoea is characterised by low blood oestrogen, infertility and often bone mineral losses. Excessive training, depleted body fat, low body weight and inadequate nutrition all contribute to amenorrhoea.

23
Q

Explain the link between inflammation and the metabolic syndrome.

A

Chronic inflammation accompanies obesity, and inflammation contributes to chronic diseases. As a person grows fatter, lipids first fill the adipose tissue and then migrate into other tissues such as the muscles and liver. This accumulation of fat, especially in the abdominal region, changes the body’s metabolism, resulting in insulin resistance, low HDL, high triglycerides and high blood pressure. This cluster of symptoms – collectively known as the metabolic syndrome – increases the risks for diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis.

24
Q

What is lipoprotein lipase?

A

an enzyme that hydrolyses triglycerides passing by in the bloodstream and directs their parts into the cells, where they can be metabolised or reassembled for storage.

25
Q

What is the adverse effect of fat in non-adipose tissue called?

A

lipotoxicity

26
Q

Two types of fat?

A

Visceral and subcutaneous

27
Q

What is set-point theory?

A

A set-point of regulation that glucose levels, blood ph and temp aim for

28
Q

What is leptin?

A

leptin from adipose tissue signals sufficient energy stores and promotes a negative energy balance by suppressing appetite and increasing energy expenditure. Changes in energy expenditure primarily reflect changes in basal metabolism but may also include changes in physical activity patterns. Leptin is also released from stomach cells in response to the presence of food, suggesting a role for both short-term and long-term satiety regulation.

29
Q

What is adiponectin?

A

In addition to leptin, adipose tissue secretes another protein, known as adiponectin . Unlike leptin, however, adiponectin correlates inversely with body fat: lean people have higher amounts than obese people

30
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

Leptin interacts with another protein that also acts as a hormone primarily in the hypothalamus. Known as ghrelin , this protein is secreted primarily by the stomach cells and promotes a positive energy balance by stimulating appetite and promoting efficient energy storage.

31
Q

When is ghrelin high?

A

In underweight people and low in overweight, exceptionally high in anorexia

32
Q

What is peptide yy?

A

Ghrelin levels also decline in response to high levels of PYY, a peptide that the gastrointestinal (GI) cells secrete after a meal in proportion to the kilojoules ingested.

33
Q

Two types of fat?

A

White and brown adipose tissue

34
Q

What is brown adipose tissue?

A

Releases stored energy as heat

35
Q

When is brown fat high?

A

In babies, very low in adults

36
Q

What is white adipose tissue?

A

Used for energy

37
Q

percentage of Australians trying to lose weight?

A

28% of women and 17% of men

38
Q

What is St John’s wort?

A

A drug that suppressed appetite and the uptake of serotonin

39
Q

Drugs used for weight loss

A 
Bitter orange
Chitosan
Chromium
Conjugated linoleic acid
Ephedrine
Hoodia
Hydroxycitric acid
Pyruvate
Yohimbine
40
Q

Effect drugs for weight loss

A

Pyruvate in high doses
Short term from ephedrine but dangerous
Ghrelin levels also decline in response to high levels of PYY, a peptide that the gastrointestinal (GI) cells secrete after a meal in proportion to the kilojoules ingested.Ghrelin levels also decline in response to high levels of PYY, a peptide that the gastrointestinal (GI) cells secrete after a meal in proportion to the kilojoules ingested.

41
Q

Dietary teas?

A

Senna, aloe, rhubard root, cascara, castor oil or buckthroen

42
Q

Why don’t dietary teas work the way people think?

A

They are absorbed in the large intestine, not the small where most food is

43
Q

Is cellulite real?

A

no

44
Q

Two approved drugs for weight loss

A

phentermine and orlistat

45
Q

What is phentermine

A

Ehances the release of noradrenaline

46
Q

What is orlistat (xenical)

A

Inhibits pancreatic lipase actvity, blocking dietary fat digestions and absorption by about 30 percent

47
Q

Reasonable weight loss rate?

A

0.25 to 1kg a week

10% body fat per 6 months

48
Q

What is behaviour modification?

A

Focuses on the change of behaviours to increase energy expenditure and decrease energy intake

49
Q

What does a successful behaviour change depend on?

A

Two cognitive skills - problem solving and cognitive restructuring

50
Q

When do most weight losers plateau?

A

after one year

51
Q

What nutrients retain water after exercise?

A

Protein, sodium and -

NUTR1023 (9 decks)

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