CHAPTER 01: The Human Organism Flashcards
● is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
● means to dissect, or separate the parts of the body for study
● examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function
ANATOMY
● examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function
● e.g. Nervous, Skeletal, Reproductive, etc.
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
● study of the organization of the body by areas
● e.g. Upper limbs, Trunks, etc.
REGIONAL ANATOMY
2 General Ways to Examine Internal Features
SURFACE ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
● study of the external features
● e.g. Bony projections, etc.
SURFACE ANATOMY
● the use of technologies that create pictures of internal structures
● e.g. X-rays, Ultrasounds, etc
ANATOMICAL IMAGING
● is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
● We study physiology to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli
● We study physiology to understand how the body maintains internal conditions to changing environments.
PHYSIOLOGY
is the study of a specific organism, the human
Has 2 subdivisions:
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
a. Cellular Physiology
b. Systemic Physiology
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELL LEVEL
TISSUE LEVEL
ORGAN LEVEL
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
ORGANISM LEVEL
● involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules
CHEMICAL LEVEL
fundamental units of matter
atoms
group of atoms held together by chemical bonds
molecules
● involves how organelles combine and form cells
CELL LEVEL
small structures of molecules that make up eukaryotic cells
organelles
basic structural and functional unit of
organisms
cells
● involves how cells group together to form tissues
TISSUE LEVEL
group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them
tissue
● involves how tissues interact and form organs
ORGAN LEVEL
composed of two or more tissuetypes that together perform one or more common functions
organs
group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of function
organ system
11 ORGAN SYSTEMS
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
● provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
○ consists of skin, hair, nails, sebaceous
glands and sweat glands
Integumentary System
● provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
○ consists of bones, associated cartilages,
ligaments, and joints
Skeletal System
● produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
○ consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
Muscular System
● detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions.
○ consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves,
and sensory receptors
Nervous System
● influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions
○ consists of endocrine glands that secrete hormones
Endocrine System
● transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body
● plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature
○ consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood
Cardiovascular System
● removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract
○ consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph
nodes, and other lymphatic organs
Lymphatic System
● exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH
○ consists of the lungs and respiratory
passages
Respiratory System
● performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
○ consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs
Digestive System
● removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance.
○ consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ureters
Urinary System
● produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development
● produces milk for the newborn
● produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors
○ consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures
Female Reproductive System
● produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
○ consists of the testes, accessory structures,
ducts, and penis
Male Reproductive System
● involves how organ systems become mutually dependent with one another to form one fully-functional organism
○ organism - any living thing considered as a
whole
ORGANISM LEVEL
● specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism interacting and working together
ORGANIZATION
● ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction
METABOLISM
● ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life
RESPONSIVENESS
● an increase in size of all or part of the organism
GROWTH
● changes an organism undergoes through time
DEVELOPMENT
● change in cell structure and function from
generalized to specialized
DIFFERENTIATION
● formation of new cells or new organisms
REPRODUCTION
existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body
Homeostasis
● mechanisms that maintain biological systems near an average normal or set point
● governed by the nervous system or the endocrine system
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS
● when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted
NEGATIVE-FEEDBACK MECHANISM
3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE-FEEDBACK MECHANISM
RECEPTOR
CONTROL CENTER
EFFECTOR
