CHAPTER 01: The Human Organism

Question 1

● is the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body
● means to dissect, or separate the parts of the body for study
● examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function

Answer 1

ANATOMY

Question 2

● examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function
● e.g. Nervous, Skeletal, Reproductive, etc.

Answer 2

SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

Question 3

● study of the organization of the body by areas
● e.g. Upper limbs, Trunks, etc.

Answer 3

REGIONAL ANATOMY

Question 4

2 General Ways to Examine Internal Features

Answer 4

SURFACE ANATOMY
ANATOMICAL IMAGING

Question 5

● study of the external features
● e.g. Bony projections, etc.

Answer 5

SURFACE ANATOMY

Question 6

● the use of technologies that create pictures of internal structures
● e.g. X-rays, Ultrasounds, etc

Answer 6

ANATOMICAL IMAGING

Question 7

● is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things.
● We study physiology to understand and predict the body’s responses to stimuli
● We study physiology to understand how the body maintains internal conditions to changing environments.

Answer 7

PHYSIOLOGY

Question 8

is the study of a specific organism, the human
Has 2 subdivisions:

Answer 8

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
a. Cellular Physiology
b. Systemic Physiology

Question 9

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

Answer 9

CHEMICAL LEVEL
CELL LEVEL
TISSUE LEVEL
ORGAN LEVEL
ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
ORGANISM LEVEL

Question 10

● involves how atoms interact and combine into molecules

Answer 10

CHEMICAL LEVEL

Question 11

fundamental units of matter

Answer 11

atoms

Question 12

group of atoms held together by chemical bonds

Answer 12

molecules

Question 13

● involves how organelles combine and form cells

Answer 13

CELL LEVEL

Question 14

small structures of molecules that make up eukaryotic cells

Answer 14

organelles

Question 15

basic structural and functional unit of
organisms

Answer 15

cells

Question 16

● involves how cells group together to form tissues

Answer 16

TISSUE LEVEL

Question 17

group of similar cells and the materials surrounding them

Answer 17

tissue

Question 18

● involves how tissues interact and form organs

Answer 18

ORGAN LEVEL

Question 19

composed of two or more tissuetypes that together perform one or more common functions

Answer 19

organs

Question 20

group of organs classified as a unit because of a common function or set of function

Answer 20

organ system

Question 21

11 ORGAN SYSTEMS

Answer 21

Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System

Question 22

● provides protection, regulates temperature, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D.
○ consists of skin, hair, nails, sebaceous
glands and sweat glands

Answer 22

Integumentary System

Question 23

● provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and adipose tissue.
○ consists of bones, associated cartilages,
ligaments, and joints

Answer 23

Skeletal System

Question 24

● produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat.
○ consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

Answer 24

Muscular System

Question 25

● detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. ○ consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Answer 25

Nervous System

Question 26

● influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions ○ consists of endocrine glands that secrete hormones

Answer 26

Endocrine System

Question 27

● transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body ● plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature ○ consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood

Answer 27

Cardiovascular System

Question 28

● removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs dietary fats from the digestive tract ○ consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs

Answer 28

Lymphatic System

Question 29

● exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH ○ consists of the lungs and respiratory passages

Answer 29

Respiratory System

Question 30

● performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes ○ consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs

Answer 30

Digestive System

Question 31

● removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. ○ consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ureters

Answer 31

Urinary System

Question 32

● produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development ● produces milk for the newborn ● produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors ○ consists of the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and associated structures

Answer 32

Female Reproductive System

Question 33

● produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors. ○ consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis

Answer 33

Male Reproductive System

Question 34

● involves how organ systems become mutually dependent with one another to form one fully-functional organism ○ organism - any living thing considered as a whole

Answer 34

ORGANISM LEVEL

Question 35

● specific relationship of the many individual parts of an organism interacting and working together

Answer 35

ORGANIZATION

Question 36

● ability to use energy to perform vital functions, such as growth, movement, and reproduction

Answer 36

METABOLISM

Question 37

● ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment and make the adjustments that help maintain its life

Answer 37

RESPONSIVENESS

Question 38

● an increase in size of all or part of the organism

Answer 38

GROWTH

Question 39

● changes an organism undergoes through time

Answer 39

DEVELOPMENT

Question 40

● change in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized

Answer 40

DIFFERENTIATION

Question 41

● formation of new cells or new organisms

Answer 41

REPRODUCTION

Question 42

existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body

Answer 42

Homeostasis

Question 43

● mechanisms that maintain biological systems near an average normal or set point ● governed by the nervous system or the endocrine system

Answer 43

HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS

Question 44

● when any deviation from the set point is made smaller or is resisted

Answer 44

NEGATIVE-FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Question 45

3 COMPONENTS OF NEGATIVE-FEEDBACK MECHANISM

Answer 45

RECEPTOR CONTROL CENTER EFFECTOR