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ANAPHY01: Anatomy and Physiology - Seeley's 10th Ed. > CH03 - SUMMARY > Flashcards

CH03 - SUMMARY Flashcards

1
Q

They are highly organized units containing organelles, which perform specific functions.

A

Cells

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2
Q

contains genetic material

A

nucleus

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3
Q

This is the living
material between the nucleus and the cell membrane

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

These are the basic unit of life

A

Cells

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5
Q

Cells protect and support the body, as well as provide for cell __________, __________, and ______________.

A

metabolism, communication, and inheritance.

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6
Q

This forms the outer boundary of the cell. It determines what enters and leaves the cell.

A

cell membrane

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7
Q

The cell membrane is composed of a double layer of __________ molecules in which proteins float.

A

phospholipid

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8
Q

__________ is the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent. At equilibrium, the distribution of molecules is uniform.

A

Diffusion

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9
Q

____________ is the concentration of a solute at one point in a solvent minus the concentration of that solute at another point in the solvent divided by the distance between the
points.

A

concentration gradient

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10
Q

_____________ pass through the cell membrane readily by dissolving in the lipid portion of the membrane. Small molecules and ions can pass through membrane channels.

A

Lipid-soluble molecules

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11
Q

This is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

A

Osmosis

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12
Q

In a _________ solution, cells swell (and can undergo lysis)

A

hypotonic

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13
Q

In an _______ solution, cells neither swell nor shrink

A

isotonic

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14
Q

In a _______ solution, cells shrink and undergo crenation.

A

hypertonic

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15
Q

______________ transport is the movement of a substance across a membrane by means of a carrier molecule. The substances transported tend to be large, water-soluble molecules or ions.

A

Carrier-mediated transport

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16
Q

_______________ moves substances from a higher to a lower concentration and does not require energy in the form of ATP.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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17
Q

_________transport can move substances from a lower to a higher concentration and requires ATP.

A

Active transport

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18
Q

______________ transport uses the energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the cell membrane.

A

Secondary active transport

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19
Q

In ____________, both substances move in the same direction.

A

cotransport

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20
Q

In ___________, they move in opposite directions

A

countertransport.

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21
Q

______________ is the movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle.

A

Endocytosis

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22
Q

___________ is the movement of solid material into cells.

A

Phagocytosis

23
Q

_______________is similar to phagocytosis, except that the material ingested is much smaller and is in solution.

A

Pinocytosis

24
Q

_____________ is the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation.

A

Exocytosis

25
Q

_____________ consists of two separate membranes that form nuclear pores at many points on the surface of the nucleus.

A

nuclear envelope (nucleus)

26
Q

DNA and associated proteins are found inside the nucleus as __________

A

chromatin

27
Q

__________ consist of RNA and proteins and are the sites of ribosomal subunit assembly.

A

Nucleoli

28
Q

___________ are the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

29
Q

A ribosome is composed of ______________

A

one large and one small subunit

30
Q

Rough ER is a major site of _________________

A

protein synthesis

31
Q

Smooth ER is a major site
of ________________.

A

lipid synthesis

32
Q

____________is a series of closely packed membrane sacs that collect, modify, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER.

A

Golgi apparatus

33
Q

__________________ are membrane-bound sacs that carry substances from the Golgi apparatus to the cell membrane, where the vesicle contents are released.

A

Secretory Vesicles

34
Q

membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes, ____________break down phagocytized material.

A

Lysosomes

35
Q

membrane-bound sacs containing enzymes, ____________ break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxixomes

36
Q

the major sites for the production of ATP, which cells use as an energy source. Mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration (requires O2).

A

Mitochondria

37
Q

This supports the cytoplasm and organelles and is involved with cell movements.

A

Cytoskeleton

38
Q

The cytoskeleton is composed of _____________, ________________, _______________.

A

microtubules,
microfilaments,
intermediate filaments

39
Q

_________ are located in the centrosome, are made of microtubules. They facilitate chromosome movement during cell division.

A

Centrioles

40
Q

This helps move substances over the surface of cells.

A

Cilia

41
Q

are much longer than cilia and propel sperm cells.

A

Flagella

42
Q

Increase the surface area of cells and thus aid in absorption.

A

Microvilli

43
Q

During ___________, the sequence of nucleotides in DNA (a gene) determines the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA; the mRNA moves through the nuclear pores to ribosomes.

A

transcription

44
Q

During ___________, the sequence of codons in mRNA is used at ribosomes to produce proteins. Anticodons of tRNA bind to the codons of mRNA, and the amino acids carried by tRNA are joined to form a protein.

A

translation

45
Q

The ________ consists of a series of events that produce new cells for growth and for tissue repair.

A

cell cycle

46
Q

The two phases of the cell cycle are __________ and __________.

A

interphase
cell division

47
Q

DNA replicates during _____________, the nondividing phase of the cell cycle.

A

interphase

48
Q

Cell division occurs through ___________, which is divided into four stages.

A

mitosis

49
Q

Phase: each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at the centromere.

A

Prophase

50
Q

Phase: chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

A

Metaphase

51
Q

Phase: chromatids separate at the centromere and migrate to opposite poles.

A

Anaphase

52
Q

Phase: the two new nuclei assume their normal structure, and cell division is completed, producing two new daughter cells.

A

Telophase

53
Q

the process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions, results from the selective activation and inactivation of DNA sections.

A

Differentiation

54
Q

Is the programmed death of cells. This regulates the number of cells within various tissues of the body.

A

Apoptosis

ANAPHY01: Anatomy and Physiology - Seeley's 10th Ed. (14 decks)

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