CH04 - SUMMARY Flashcards
a group of cells with similar structure and function, along with the extracellular substances located between the cells.
Tissue
the study of tissues.
Histology
covers surfaces; it usually has a basement membrane, little extracellular material, and no blood vessels
Epithelial tissue
protecting underlying structures, acting as a barrier, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances.
functions of epithelia tissues
Epithelia are classified according to the number of __________ and the ________ of the cells.
cell layers and the shape
Simple epithelium has one layer of cells, whereas _______________ has more than one.
stratified epithelium
kind of epithelium involved with diffusion, secretion, or absorption.
Simple epithelium
kind of epithelium that serves a protective role
stratified epithelium
_____________ cells function in diffusion or filtration
Squamous
__________ or _____________ cells which contain more organelles, secrete or absorb
Cuboidal or columnar
___________ is simple epithelium that appears to have two or more cell layers.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched.
Transitional epithelium
______________mechanically bind cells together, and _______________________ mechanically bind cells to the basement membrane.
Desmosomes
hemidesmosomes
___________________ bind adjacent cells together and form a permeability barrier.
Tight junctions
___________________ allow intercellular communication.
Gap junctions
___________ is a single cell or a multicellular structure that secretes.
gland
Exocrine glands have ________ and endocrine glands do not.
ducts
________________ is distinguished by its extracellular matrix.
Connective Tissue
enclose and separate organs and tissues; connect tissues to one another; help support and move body parts; store compounds; cushion and insulate the body; transport substances; and protect against toxins and injury
Functions of Connective Tissue
The ______________ results from the activity of specialized connective tissue cells; in general, -blast cells form the matrix, -cyte cells maintain it, and -clast cells break it down.
extracellular matrix
____________ form protein fibers of many connective tissues, ____________ form bone, and ____________ form cartilage
Fibroblasts
osteoblasts
chondroblasts
Connective tissue commonly contains , ____________, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal cells (
adipocytes
The major components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue are _____________, ______________, and __________
protein fibers,
ground substance,
and fluid.
_______________ are joined to form collagen fibers. The collagen fibers resemble ropes. They are strong and flexible but resist stretching.
Collagen fibrils
________________ are fine collagen fibers that form a branching network that supports other cells and tissues.
Reticular fibers
_______________ have a structure similar to that of a spring. After being stretched, they tend to return to their original shape.
Elastic fibers
_____________ makes fluids slippery.
Hyaluronic acid
______________ aggregates trap water, which gives tissues the capacity to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.
Proteoglycan
______________ hold proteoglycans together and to plasma membranes.
Adhesive molecules
________ connective tissue is the “packing material” of the body; it fills the spaces between organs and holds them in place.
Areolar
_______________or fat, stores energy. Adipose tissue also pads and protects parts of the body and acts as a thermal insulator.
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue forms a framework for lymphatic structures.
Reticular tissue
___________ provides support and is found in structures such as the disks between the vertebrae, the external ear, and the costal cartilages
Cartilage
__________has a mineralized matrix and forms most of the skeleton of the body.
Bone
___________ has a liquid matrix and is found in blood vessels.
Blood
_______________ is specialized to shorten, or contract.
Muscle tissue
The three types of muscle tissue _________, _________, and ______________
skeletal,
cardiac,
and smooth muscle.
____________ is specialized to conduct action potentials (electrical signals).
Nervous tissue
____________ line cavities that open to the outside of the body (digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts). They contain glands and secrete mucus.
Mucous Membranes
_______________ line trunk cavities that do not open to the outside of the body (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities). They do not contain mucous glands but do secrete serous fluid.
Serous membranes
____________ line joint cavities and secrete a lubricating fluid.
Synovial membranes
____________produces redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function. isolates and destroys harmful agents. Isolates and destroys harmful agents.
Inflammation
_________ inflammation results when the agent causing injury is not removed or something else interferes with the healing process.
Chronic
____________ is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or fibrosis
Tissue Repair
In _____________, stem cells, which can divide throughout life, and other dividing cells regenerate new cells of the same type as those that were destroyed
regeneration
In ________, the destroyed cells are replaced by different cell types, which causes scar formation.
fibrosis
Cells divide more __________ as people age. Injuries heal more __________.
slowly
Extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers becomes ___________ and ______________ . Consequently, skin wrinkles, elasticity in arteries is reduced, and bones break more easily.
less flexible and less elastic
