CH04 - SUMMARY

Question 1

a group of cells with similar structure and function, along with the extracellular substances located between the cells.

Answer 1

Tissue

Question 2

the study of tissues.

Answer 2

Histology

Question 3

covers surfaces; it usually has a basement membrane, little extracellular material, and no blood vessels

Answer 3

Epithelial tissue

Question 4

protecting underlying structures, acting as a barrier, permitting the passage of substances, secreting substances, and absorbing substances.

Answer 4

functions of epithelia tissues

Question 5

Epithelia are classified according to the number of __________ and the ________ of the cells.

Answer 5

cell layers and the shape

Question 6

Simple epithelium has one layer of cells, whereas _______________ has more than one.

Answer 6

stratified epithelium

Question 7

kind of epithelium involved with diffusion, secretion, or absorption.

Answer 7

Simple epithelium

Question 8

kind of epithelium that serves a protective role

Answer 8

stratified epithelium

Question 9

_____________ cells function in diffusion or filtration

Answer 9

Squamous

Question 10

__________ or _____________ cells which contain more organelles, secrete or absorb

Answer 10

Cuboidal or columnar

Question 11

___________ is simple epithelium that appears to have two or more cell layers.

Answer 11

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 12

stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched.

Answer 12

Transitional epithelium

Question 13

______________mechanically bind cells together, and _______________________ mechanically bind cells to the basement membrane.

Answer 13

Desmosomes
hemidesmosomes

Question 14

___________________ bind adjacent cells together and form a permeability barrier.

Answer 14

Tight junctions

Question 15

___________________ allow intercellular communication.

Answer 15

Gap junctions

Question 16

___________ is a single cell or a multicellular structure that secretes.

Answer 16

gland

Question 17

Exocrine glands have ________ and endocrine glands do not.

Answer 17

ducts

Question 18

________________ is distinguished by its extracellular matrix.

Answer 18

Connective Tissue

Question 19

enclose and separate organs and tissues; connect tissues to one another; help support and move body parts; store compounds; cushion and insulate the body; transport substances; and protect against toxins and injury

Answer 19

Functions of Connective Tissue

Question 20

The ______________ results from the activity of specialized connective tissue cells; in general, -blast cells form the matrix, -cyte cells maintain it, and -clast cells break it down.

Answer 20

extracellular matrix

Question 21

____________ form protein fibers of many connective tissues, ____________ form bone, and ____________ form cartilage

Answer 21

Fibroblasts
osteoblasts
chondroblasts

Question 22

Connective tissue commonly contains , ____________, mast cells, white blood cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal cells (

Answer 22

adipocytes

Question 23

The major components of the extracellular matrix of connective tissue are _____________, ______________, and __________

Answer 23

protein fibers,
ground substance,
and fluid.

Question 24

_______________ are joined to form collagen fibers. The collagen fibers resemble ropes. They are strong and flexible but resist stretching.

Answer 24

Collagen fibrils

Question 25

________________ are fine collagen fibers that form a branching network that supports other cells and tissues.

Answer 25

Reticular fibers

Question 26

_______________ have a structure similar to that of a spring. After being stretched, they tend to return to their original shape.

Answer 26

Elastic fibers

Question 27

_____________ makes fluids slippery.

Answer 27

Hyaluronic acid

Question 28

______________ aggregates trap water, which gives tissues the capacity to return to their original shape when compressed or deformed.

Answer 28

Proteoglycan

Question 29

______________ hold proteoglycans together and to plasma membranes.

Answer 29

Adhesive molecules

Question 30

________ connective tissue is the “packing material” of the body; it fills the spaces between organs and holds them in place.

Answer 30

Areolar

Question 31

_______________or fat, stores energy. Adipose tissue also pads and protects parts of the body and acts as a thermal insulator.

Answer 31

Adipose tissue

Question 32

Reticular tissue forms a framework for lymphatic structures.

Answer 32

Reticular tissue

Question 33

___________ provides support and is found in structures such as the disks between the vertebrae, the external ear, and the costal cartilages

Answer 33

Cartilage

Question 34

__________has a mineralized matrix and forms most of the skeleton of the body.

Answer 34

Bone

Question 35

___________ has a liquid matrix and is found in blood vessels.

Answer 35

Blood

Question 36

_______________ is specialized to shorten, or contract.

Answer 36

Muscle tissue

Question 37

The three types of muscle tissue _________, _________, and ______________

Answer 37

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Question 38

____________ is specialized to conduct action potentials (electrical signals).

Answer 38

Nervous tissue

Question 39

____________ line cavities that open to the outside of the body (digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts). They contain glands and secrete mucus.

Answer 39

Mucous Membranes

Question 40

_______________ line trunk cavities that do not open to the outside of the body (pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities). They do not contain mucous glands but do secrete serous fluid.

Answer 40

Serous membranes

Question 41

____________ line joint cavities and secrete a lubricating fluid.

Answer 41

Synovial membranes

Question 42

____________produces redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function. isolates and destroys harmful agents. Isolates and destroys harmful agents.

Answer 42

Inflammation

Question 43

_________ inflammation results when the agent causing injury is not removed or something else interferes with the healing process.

Answer 43

Chronic

Question 44

____________ is the substitution of viable cells for dead cells by regeneration or fibrosis

Answer 44

Tissue Repair

Question 45

In _____________, stem cells, which can divide throughout life, and other dividing cells regenerate new cells of the same type as those that were destroyed

Answer 45

regeneration

Question 46

In ________, the destroyed cells are replaced by different cell types, which causes scar formation.

Answer 46

fibrosis

Question 47

Cells divide more __________ as people age. Injuries heal more __________.

Answer 47

slowly

Question 48

Extracellular matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers becomes ___________ and ______________ . Consequently, skin wrinkles, elasticity in arteries is reduced, and bones break more easily.

Answer 48

less flexible and less elastic