CH02 - SUMMARY

Question 1

the study of the composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo

Answer 1

Chemistry

Question 2

is anything that occupies space and has mass

Answer 2

Matter

Question 3

is the amount of matter in an object, and weight results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object.

Answer 3

Mass

Question 4

is the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties

Answer 4

element

Question 5

is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element. An element is composed of only one kind of this.

Answer 5

atom

Question 6

Atoms consist of

Answer 6

neutrons
positively charged protons
negatively charged electrons

Question 7

An atom is electrically _____

Answer 7

neutral

Question 8

Protons and neutrons are in the _______

Answer 8

nucleus

Question 9

electrons can be represented by an ____________ around the nucleus.

Answer 9

electron cloud

Question 10

the unique number of protons in each atom of
an element.

Answer 10

atomic number

Question 11

is the number of protons and neutrons.

Answer 11

mass number

Question 12

The chemical reactivity of an atom is determined by its

Answer 12

electronegativity

Question 13

An atom that has closer to 8 electrons in its valence shell has a ______________than an atom that has only 1 or 2 electrons in its valence shell.

Answer 13

stronger electronegativity

Question 14

An _________ results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity

Answer 14

ionic bond

Question 15

A ___________ results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities. A polar __________ is an unequal sharing of electron pairs

Answer 15

covalent bond

Question 16

A ____________ is the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules.

Answer 16

hydrogen bond

Question 17

A _____________ is two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.

Answer 17

molecule

Question 18

A ______________ is two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.

Answer 18

compound

Question 19

A compound can be a molecule - __________
or an organized array of ions - _________________.

Answer 19

covalent compound
ionic compound

Question 20

is the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.

Answer 20

Dissociation

Question 21

Reaction when combination of reactants to form a new, larger product.

Answer 21

Synthesis Reaction

Question 22

A reaction occurs when breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products.

Answer 22

Decomposition Reaction

Question 23

Reaction where a combination of a decomposition reaction, in which reactants are broken down, and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction recombine.

Answer 23

Exchange Reaction

Question 24

In a _____________, the reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants. The amount of reactant relative to the amount of product is constant at equilibrium.

Answer 24

reversible reaction

Question 25

is the capacity to do work

Answer 25

Energy

Question 26

is stored energy that could do work

Answer 26

Potential Energy

Question 27

an energy that does work by causing the movement of an object.

Answer 27

kinetic energy

Question 28

What energy exists in chemical bonds?

Answer 28

potential energy

Question 29

Energy is released in chemical reactions when the products contain less potential energy than the reactants. The energy can be lost as ______, used to _________ molecules, or used to do ______

Answer 29

heat synthesize work

Question 30

Energy must be added in reactions when the products contain more potential energy than the ________.

Answer 30

reactants

Question 31

Energy can be neither _____________, but one type of energy can be ________ into another.

Answer 31

created nor destroyed changed

Question 32

The rate of a chemical reaction __________ when the concentration of the reactants __________, the temperature __________, or a catalyst is present.

Answer 32

increases

Question 33

A ____________ increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently.

Answer 33

catalyst (enzyme)

Question 34

Acids are proton (H+) _______, and bases are proton _________.

Answer 34

donors acceptors

Question 35

In the pH Scale, a neutral solution has an equal number of ________ and a pH of number of _________.

Answer 35

H+ and OH− 7.0

Question 36

An acidic solution has _____ H+ than OH− and a pH ______ than 7.0.

Answer 36

more less

Question 37

A basic solution has _______ H+ than OH− and a pH _____ than 7.0.

Answer 37

fewer greater

Question 38

forms when an acid reacts with a base.

Answer 38

salt

Question 39

are chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.

Answer 39

Buffers

Question 40

A chemistry that is mostly concerned with non-carbon-containing substances but does include such carbon-containing substances as CO2 and carbon monoxide.

Answer 40

Inorganic Chemistry

Question 41

______ is involved with the extraction of energy from food molecules.

Answer 41

Oxygen

Question 42

_________ is a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.

Answer 42

Carbon dioxide

Question 43

4 uses of Water (H2O)

Answer 43

1. Water stabilizes body temperature. 2. Water provides protection by acting as a lubricant or a cushion. 3. Water is necessary for many chemical reactions. 4. Water transports many substances.

Question 44

___________ molecules contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds.

Answer 44

Organic

Question 45

provide the body with energy.

Answer 45

Carbohydrates

Question 46

______________ are the building blocks that form more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Answer 46

Monosaccharides

Question 47

____________ are substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as

Answer 47

Lipids

Question 48

___________ can be saturated (have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms) or unsaturated (have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms)

Answer 48

Fatty acids

Question 49

_____________regulate chemical reactions (enzymes), serve as structural components, and cause muscle contraction.

Answer 49

Proteins

Question 50

The building blocks of proteins are ______________

Answer 50

amino acids

Question 51

______________of proteins disrupts hydrogen bonds, which changes the shape of proteins and makes them nonfunctional.

Answer 51

Denaturation

Question 52

__________ are specific, bind to reactants according to the lock-andkey model, and function by lowering activation energy

Answer 52

Enzymes

Question 53

The basic unit of nucleic acids is the __________, which is a monosaccharide with an attached ______________ and _________

Answer 53

nucleotide phosphate and organic base

Question 54

occurs as a double strand of joined nucleotides and is the genetic material of cells.

Answer 54

DNA

Question 55

DNA nucleotides contain the monosaccharide _________ and the organic bases __________, ____________, ____________, and _______________

Answer 55

deoxyribose the 4 organic bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

Question 56

_________ nucleotides are composed of the monosaccharide ______ and the organic bases __________, ____________, ____________, and _______________

Answer 56

RNA ribose the 4 organic bases: adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine.

Question 57

This stores energy, which can be used in cell processes.

Answer 57

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)