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ANAPHY01: Anatomy and Physiology - Seeley's 10th Ed. > CH02 - SUMMARY > Flashcards

CH02 - SUMMARY Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

is anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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3
Q

is the amount of matter in an object, and weight results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object.

A

Mass

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4
Q

is the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties

A

element

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5
Q

is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element. An element is composed of only one kind of this.

A

atom

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6
Q

Atoms consist of

A

neutrons
positively charged protons
negatively charged electrons

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7
Q

An atom is electrically _____

A

neutral

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8
Q

Protons and neutrons are in the _______

A

nucleus

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9
Q

electrons can be represented by an ____________ around the nucleus.

A

electron cloud

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10
Q

the unique number of protons in each atom of
an element.

A

atomic number

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11
Q

is the number of protons and neutrons.

A

mass number

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12
Q

The chemical reactivity of an atom is determined by its

A

electronegativity

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13
Q

An atom that has closer to 8 electrons in its valence shell has a ______________than an atom that has only 1 or 2 electrons in its valence shell.

A

stronger electronegativity

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14
Q

An _________ results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity

A

ionic bond

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15
Q

A ___________ results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities. A polar __________ is an unequal sharing of electron pairs

A

covalent bond

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16
Q

A ____________ is the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules.

A

hydrogen bond

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17
Q

A _____________ is two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.

A

molecule

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18
Q

A ______________ is two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.

A

compound

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19
Q

A compound can be a molecule - __________
or an organized array of ions - _________________.

A

covalent compound
ionic compound

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20
Q

is the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.

A

Dissociation

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21
Q

Reaction when combination of reactants to form a new, larger product.

A

Synthesis Reaction

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22
Q

A reaction occurs when breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products.

A

Decomposition Reaction

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23
Q

Reaction where a combination of a decomposition reaction, in which reactants are broken down, and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction recombine.

A

Exchange Reaction

24
Q

In a _____________, the reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants. The amount of reactant relative to the amount of product is constant at equilibrium.

A

reversible reaction

25
Q

is the capacity to do work

A

Energy

26
Q

is stored energy
that could do work

A

Potential Energy

27
Q

an energy that does work by causing the movement of an object.

A

kinetic energy

28
Q

What energy exists in chemical bonds?

A

potential energy

29
Q

Energy is released in chemical reactions when the products contain less potential energy than the reactants. The energy can be lost as ______, used to _________ molecules, or used to do ______

A

heat
synthesize
work

30
Q

Energy must be added in reactions when the products contain more potential energy than the ________.

A

reactants

31
Q

Energy can be neither _____________, but one type of energy can be ________ into another.

A

created nor destroyed
changed

32
Q

The rate of a chemical reaction __________ when the concentration of the reactants __________, the temperature __________, or a catalyst is present.

A

increases

33
Q

A ____________ increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently.

A

catalyst (enzyme)

34
Q

Acids are proton (H+) _______, and bases are proton _________.

A

donors
acceptors

35
Q

In the pH Scale, a neutral solution has an equal number of ________ and a pH
of number of _________.

A

H+ and OH−
7.0

36
Q

An acidic solution has _____ H+ than OH− and a pH ______ than 7.0.

A

more
less

37
Q

A basic solution has _______ H+ than OH− and a pH _____ than 7.0.

A

fewer
greater

38
Q

forms when an acid reacts with a base.

A

salt

39
Q

are chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.

A

Buffers

40
Q

A chemistry that is mostly concerned with non-carbon-containing substances but does include such carbon-containing substances as CO2 and carbon monoxide.

A

Inorganic Chemistry

41
Q

______ is involved with the extraction of energy from food molecules.

A

Oxygen

42
Q

_________ is a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.

A

Carbon dioxide

43
Q

4 uses of Water (H2O)

A
  1. Water stabilizes body temperature.
  2. Water provides protection by acting as a lubricant or a cushion.
  3. Water is necessary for many chemical reactions.
  4. Water transports many substances.
44
Q

___________ molecules contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds.

A

Organic

45
Q

provide the body with energy.

A

Carbohydrates

46
Q

______________ are the building blocks that form more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A

Monosaccharides

47
Q

____________ are substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as

A

Lipids

48
Q

___________ can be saturated (have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms) or unsaturated (have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms)

A

Fatty acids

49
Q

_____________regulate chemical reactions (enzymes), serve as structural components, and cause muscle contraction.

A

Proteins

50
Q

The building blocks of proteins are ______________

A

amino acids

51
Q

______________of proteins disrupts hydrogen bonds, which changes the shape of proteins and makes them nonfunctional.

A

Denaturation

52
Q

__________ are specific, bind to reactants according to the lock-andkey model, and function by lowering activation energy

A

Enzymes

53
Q

The basic unit of nucleic acids is the __________, which is a monosaccharide with an attached ______________ and _________

A

nucleotide
phosphate and organic base

54
Q

occurs as a double strand of joined nucleotides and is the genetic material of cells.

A

DNA

55
Q

DNA nucleotides contain the monosaccharide _________ and the organic bases __________, ____________, ____________, and _______________

A

deoxyribose

the 4 organic bases:
adenine,
thymine,
guanine, and
cytosine.

56
Q

_________ nucleotides are composed of the monosaccharide ______ and the organic bases __________, ____________, ____________, and _______________

A

RNA
ribose

the 4 organic bases:
adenine,
uracil,
guanine, and
cytosine.

57
Q

This stores energy, which can be used in cell processes.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

ANAPHY01: Anatomy and Physiology - Seeley's 10th Ed. (14 decks)

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