CH02 - SUMMARY Flashcards
the study of the composition and structure of substances and the reactions they undergo
Chemistry
is anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
is the amount of matter in an object, and weight results from the gravitational attraction between the earth and an object.
Mass
is the simplest type of matter having unique chemical and physical properties
element
is the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element. An element is composed of only one kind of this.
atom
Atoms consist of
neutrons
positively charged protons
negatively charged electrons
An atom is electrically _____
neutral
Protons and neutrons are in the _______
nucleus
electrons can be represented by an ____________ around the nucleus.
electron cloud
the unique number of protons in each atom of
an element.
atomic number
is the number of protons and neutrons.
mass number
The chemical reactivity of an atom is determined by its
electronegativity
An atom that has closer to 8 electrons in its valence shell has a ______________than an atom that has only 1 or 2 electrons in its valence shell.
stronger electronegativity
An _________ results when an electron is transferred from an atom with a weaker electronegativity to an atom with a stronger electronegativity
ionic bond
A ___________ results when a pair of electrons is shared between atoms with similar electronegativities. A polar __________ is an unequal sharing of electron pairs
covalent bond
A ____________ is the weak attraction between the oppositely charged regions of polar molecules.
hydrogen bond
A _____________ is two or more atoms chemically combined to form a structure that behaves as an independent unit.
molecule
A ______________ is two or more different types of atoms chemically combined.
compound
A compound can be a molecule - __________
or an organized array of ions - _________________.
covalent compound
ionic compound
is the separation of ions in an ionic compound by polar water molecules.
Dissociation
Reaction when combination of reactants to form a new, larger product.
Synthesis Reaction
A reaction occurs when breakdown of larger reactants into smaller products.
Decomposition Reaction
Reaction where a combination of a decomposition reaction, in which reactants are broken down, and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction recombine.
Exchange Reaction
In a _____________, the reactants can form products, or the products can form reactants. The amount of reactant relative to the amount of product is constant at equilibrium.
reversible reaction
is the capacity to do work
Energy
is stored energy
that could do work
Potential Energy
an energy that does work by causing the movement of an object.
kinetic energy
What energy exists in chemical bonds?
potential energy
Energy is released in chemical reactions when the products contain less potential energy than the reactants. The energy can be lost as ______, used to _________ molecules, or used to do ______
heat
synthesize
work
Energy must be added in reactions when the products contain more potential energy than the ________.
reactants
Energy can be neither _____________, but one type of energy can be ________ into another.
created nor destroyed
changed
The rate of a chemical reaction __________ when the concentration of the reactants __________, the temperature __________, or a catalyst is present.
increases
A ____________ increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered permanently.
catalyst (enzyme)
Acids are proton (H+) _______, and bases are proton _________.
donors
acceptors
In the pH Scale, a neutral solution has an equal number of ________ and a pH
of number of _________.
H+ and OH−
7.0
An acidic solution has _____ H+ than OH− and a pH ______ than 7.0.
more
less
A basic solution has _______ H+ than OH− and a pH _____ than 7.0.
fewer
greater
forms when an acid reacts with a base.
salt
are chemicals that resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.
Buffers
A chemistry that is mostly concerned with non-carbon-containing substances but does include such carbon-containing substances as CO2 and carbon monoxide.
Inorganic Chemistry
______ is involved with the extraction of energy from food molecules.
Oxygen
_________ is a by-product of the breakdown of food molecules.
Carbon dioxide
4 uses of Water (H2O)
- Water stabilizes body temperature.
- Water provides protection by acting as a lubricant or a cushion.
- Water is necessary for many chemical reactions.
- Water transports many substances.
___________ molecules contain carbon atoms bound together by covalent bonds.
Organic
provide the body with energy.
Carbohydrates
______________ are the building blocks that form more complex carbohydrates, such as disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides
____________ are substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents, such as alcohol or acetone, but not in polar solvents, such as
Lipids
___________ can be saturated (have only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms) or unsaturated (have one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms)
Fatty acids
_____________regulate chemical reactions (enzymes), serve as structural components, and cause muscle contraction.
Proteins
The building blocks of proteins are ______________
amino acids
______________of proteins disrupts hydrogen bonds, which changes the shape of proteins and makes them nonfunctional.
Denaturation
__________ are specific, bind to reactants according to the lock-andkey model, and function by lowering activation energy
Enzymes
The basic unit of nucleic acids is the __________, which is a monosaccharide with an attached ______________ and _________
nucleotide
phosphate and organic base
occurs as a double strand of joined nucleotides and is the genetic material of cells.
DNA
DNA nucleotides contain the monosaccharide _________ and the organic bases __________, ____________, ____________, and _______________
deoxyribose
the 4 organic bases:
adenine,
thymine,
guanine, and
cytosine.
_________ nucleotides are composed of the monosaccharide ______ and the organic bases __________, ____________, ____________, and _______________
RNA
ribose
the 4 organic bases:
adenine,
uracil,
guanine, and
cytosine.
This stores energy, which can be used in cell processes.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
