chap17: human reproduction

Question 1

function of the testes

Answer 1

produces sperm
produces testosterone

Question 2

function of the scrotum

Answer 2

holds the testes outside the body where the temperature is lower than inside the body for proper semen production and development
protects the testes

Question 3

function of sperm ducts

Answer 3

carry sperms out of the testes to the urethra

Question 4

function of the prostrate gland

Answer 4

secretes prostrate fluid which nourishes and activates the sperm

Question 5

function of the urethra

Answer 5

carries semen and urine out of the body

Question 6

function of the penis

Answer 6

enters vagina and deposits semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse

Question 7

function of the ovaries

Answer 7

produces ova, the female gamete, which is released every menstrual cycle
produces female sex hormones like oestrogen and progesterone

Question 8

function of oviduct

Answer 8

site of fertilisation
connects ovaries to uterus
transports ova/zygote/embroyo towards the uterus

Question 9

function of oviduct

Answer 9

site of fertilisation
connects ovaries to uterus
transports ova/zygote/embroyo towards the uterus

Question 10

function of the uterus

Answer 10

site of implantation of the embryo
site where the embryo/fetus develops
contracts to push the baby out during childbirth

Question 11

function of the cervix

Answer 11

allows menstrual blood to flow out during menstruation
widens during childbirth

Question 12

function of the vagina

Answer 12

receives semen deposited by the penis
connects uterus to outside the body
baby passes through the vagina during childbirth

Question 13

describe the pathway taken by the sperm to the ovum

Answer 13

sperm produced by the testes -> testes -> sperm duct -> urethra -> out of penis -> into vagina
sperm swims up the vagina, through the cervix then up the urethra and into the oviduct where it meets the ovum

Question 14

definition of fertilisation

Answer 14

the fusion of nuclei in both female and male gam,etc to form a zygote

Question 15

where is the site of fertilisation

Answer 15

oviduct

Question 16

describe the development of zygote and implantation of embryo

Answer 16

the zygote moves along the oviduct towards the uterus
cilia in the oviducts sweep the zygote towards the uterus
the zygote divides vis mitosis/cell division to form an embryo
the embryo implants itself into the uterine lining and develops into a fetus over time

Question 17

how long does a menstrual cycle last

Answer 17

21-33 days
average 28 days

Question 18

role of progesterone

Answer 18

prevents ovulation
thickens uterine lining to prepare it for implantation and growth of embryo

Question 19

role of oestrogen

Answer 19

causes repair and growth of uterine lining
indirectly leads to ovulation

Question 20

definition of fertile phase

Answer 20

the period during the menstrual cycle when fertilisation is the most likely to occur if sexual intercourse takes place

Question 21

function of the amniotic sac

Answer 21

encloses the fetus in the amniotic fluid

Question 22

function of amniotic fluid

Answer 22

protects the fetus from mechanical shock
allows the fetus to move around in the uterus
maintains a constant temperature for the fetus
allows for lubrication during child birth

Question 23

function of the placenta

Answer 23

allows oxygen and dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids) to diffuse from mother’s to fetus’ blood

allows carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products (urea) to diffused from the fetus’ to mother’s blood

allows antibodies to pass from mother’s to fetus’ blood whenever the fetus requires

Question 24

function of umbilical chord

Answer 24

veins carry oxygenated blood with dissolved nutrients (glucose, amino acids) from the placenta to the fetus

arteries carry deoxygenated blood with metabolic waste products (carbon dioxide, urea) from the fetus to the placenta

Question 25

why is fetal and maternal blood systems separate

Answer 25

maternal blood pressure is much higher than what the fetus can withstand which would kill the fetus if their bloods mixed
fetal and maternal may have different blood types, keeping them separate prevents aggulation
prevents harmful substances and pathogens from directly entering fetal bloodstream

Question 26

which blood vessel transports oxygenated blood and nutrients from the mother to the fetus

Answer 26

umbilical vein

Question 27

which blood vessel transports deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste from the fetus to the mother

Answer 27

umbilical artery

Question 28

what does HIV stand for

Answer 28

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 29

how is HIV transmitted

Answer 29

sexual intercourse with an infected person
sharing of contaminated needles
blood transfusions with blood from an infected person
pregnancy

Question 30

how can we prevent the spread of HIV

Answer 30

do not share contaminated needles
protected sexual intercourse