Chap1 What is Social Psych?

Question 1

Definition of Social Psych by Jean-Paul Sartre ?

Answer 1

We humans are first of all beings in a situation,we cannot be distinguished from our situations, for they form us and decide our possibilities.

Question 2

Definition of social Psych?

Answer 2

Social psychology is a science that studies the influences of our situations, with special attention to how we view and affect one another. More precisely, it is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

Question 3

Difference between social and Personality Psych?

Answer 3

social psychology focuses less on differences among individuals (hardwire personality structure) and more on how individuals, in general, view and affect one another.

Question 4

Difference between Sociology and Social Psych?

Answer 4

Compared with sociology (the study of people in groups and societies), social psychology focuses more on individuals, employing methods that more often use experimentation.

Question 5

what is the fundamental principles of Social Psychology?

Answer 5

the fundamental principles of social psychology can be captured by a classic statement by one of its founders, Kurt Lewin, who said, “behaviour is a function of the person and the situation”

Question 6

why people are interest to explain behaviors?

Answer 6

to make it seem orderly, predictable, and controllable.

Question 7

what is the importance of intuition?

Answer 7

Our intuitions shape our fears (Is flying dangerous?), impressions (Can I trust them?), and relationships (Do they like me?). Intuitions influence leaders in times of crisis; gamblers at the table; eyewitnesses in front of a lineup of suspects; jurors in their assessments of guilt; and human resources professionals when assessing applicants. Such intuitions are commonplace.

Question 8

what unveil intuitive capacities?

Answer 8

studies of automatic processing, implicit memory, heuristics, spontaneous trait inference, instant emotions, and nonverbal communication unveil our intuitive capacities.

Question 9

what is dual processing?

Answer 9

Thinking, memory, and attitudes all operate on two levels—one conscious and deliberate, the other nonconscious and automatic—which today’s researchers call “dual processing.” Creates intuition!

Question 10

Niccolo Machiavelli about people’s tendency for self-preservation?

Answer 10

Niccolò Machiavelli wrote almost 500 years ago in his famous work The Prince (1532) that people’s tendency toward uncritically believing what they are told, their instinct for self-preservation, and their desire to be part of a group could be used by a leader (or aspiring leader) to manipulate the populace to support them.

Question 11

what is the importance of culture?

Answer 11

Your culture helps define your situation; your standards regarding promptness, frankness, and clothing vary with your culture.

Question 12

what is Hazel Markus’s idea about importance of society?

Answer 12

Social psychologist Hazel Markus (2005) summed it up: “People are, above all, malleable.” Said differently, we adapt to our social context. Our behavior, then, is shaped by external forces.

Question 13

Social thinking theme of Social reality?

Answer 13

Others help us to construct social reality (consciously or unconsciously/ power of Social institutions)/ we construct social reality.
- Our social intuitions are often powerful, sometimes perilous.

Question 14

Social influences theme of Social Psych?

Answer 14

Ø Social influence shape behavior. Nathan Slone (online influencer). People are admitted to social norms.
Ø Dispositions (personality) shape behavior. Interaction of disposition with environment.

Question 15

Social relation theme in social Psych?

Answer 15

Ø Social behaviour is also biological behavior. Our lack of social relations influence our behavior.
Ø Relating to others is a basic needs. Breaking Social norms effect people’s expectation and influence our behavior.
Ø Intimate partner bias: Need of having relations with other. Withdrawal from a abusive relationship is very difficult because of the fear of being alone. (social psychology).

Question 16

how Personal attitudes and dispositions shape behavior?

Answer 16

Internal forces our inner attitude effect our behavior, We are not Passive! which leads us to believe strongly in those things for which we have committed ourselves or for which we have suffered.

Question 17

How human biology effect social behavior?

Answer 17

Nature and nurture together form who we are. Biology and experience together create us.
- Nature also endows us with an enormous capacity to learn and to adapt to varied environments. We are sensitive and responsive to our social context.
-We carry the genes of those whose traits enabled them and their children to survive and reproduce.

Question 18

what is the argument of Evolutionary psychologist about behavior?

Answer 18

our inherited human nature predisposes us to behave in ways that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce.

Question 19

What is the concentration of Social Neuroscientists?

Answer 19

Their point is this: To understand social behavior, we must consider both under-the-skin (biological) and between-skins (social) influences. Mind and body are one grand system. Stress hormones affect how we feel and act. Social ostracism elevates blood pressure. Social support strengthens the disease-fighting immune system.

Question 20

what is self-esteem according to Mark and Roy?

Answer 20

self-esteem is nothing more than a reading of how accepted we feel by others. In this view, relating to others is a basic need that shapes all of our social actions.

Question 21

Is Social Psychology objective?

Answer 21

No, values enter the picture with our choice of research topics; DIFFERENT ACROSS TIME AND CULTURE! social psychology reflects social history, society and time are the influencer.

Question 22

Why science is not objective?

Answer 22

Scientists do not simply read the book of nature. Rather, they interpret nature, using their own mental categories. In our daily lives, too, we view the world through the lens of our preconceptions.

Question 23

Werner Heisenberg’s definition of Science?

Answer 23

“Science does not simply describe and explain nature; it is part of the interplay between nature and ourselves; it describes nature as exposed to our method of questioning.”

Question 24

Social representation in science?

Answer 24

Scholars at work in any given area often share a common viewpoint or come from the same culture, their assumptions may go unchallenged. What we take for granted—the shared beliefs that European social psychologists call our social representations (most important but often most unexamined convictions.).

Question 25

The hidden values in psychological concept?

Answer 25

forming concepts/ labelling/ Naturalistic fallacy are the hidden values shapes value judgments, and implicit in social-psychological language.

Question 26

what are the two criticism of social psych?

Answer 26

1-it is trivial because it documents the obvious.
2-it is dangerous because its findings could be used to manipulate people.

Question 27

how accurate is hindsight bias?

Answer 27

If this hindsight bias (also called the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) is pervasive, you may now be feeling that you already knew about it. Indeed, almost any conceivable result of a psychological experiment can seem like common sense—after you know the result.

Question 28

how social psychologist study human behavior?

Answer 28

Professional social psychologists observe people and form ideas about how humans think about, influence and relate to one another, only more systematically (by forming theories) and painstakingly (often with experiments that create miniature social dramas to pin down cause and effect); test hypothesis.

Question 29

what is a theory?

Answer 29

A theory is an integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. Theories are a scientific shorthand/ Theories are ideas that summarize and explain facts.

Question 30

functions of hypotheses?

Answer 30

1- allow us to test the theory on which they are based.
2- predictions give direction to research.
3- the predictive feature of good theories can also make them practical

Question 31

what is operationalization?

Answer 31

translating variables that are described at the theoretical level into the specific variables that we are going to observe/ the process of deciding on our observations.

Question 32

what are the features of a good theory?

Answer 32

It effectively summarizes many observations.

It makes clear predictions that we can use to do the following:

1. Confirm or modify the theory.
2. Generate new exploration.
3. Suggest practical applications.

Question 33

what are the different variation between Social-Psychological research?

Answer 33

It can take place in the laboratory (a controlled situation)/ field research (everyday situations).
-And it varies by method:correlational research (asking whether two or more factors are naturally associated) or experimental research (manipulating some factor to see its effect on another).

Question 34

Counterfactual Thinking?

Answer 34

Counterfactual thinking is a concept in psychology that involves the human tendency to create possible alternatives to life events that have already occurred; something that is contrary to what actually happened. Counterfactual thinking is, as it states: “counter to the facts”.

Question 35

advantage and disadvantage of correlation?

Answer 35

advantage: allows us to predict
Disadvantage: It cannot tell us whether changing one variable will cause changes in another.

Question 36

what is the advantages and disadvantages of correlation research?

Answer 36

Advantage: it tends to occur in real-world settings in which we can examine factors such as race, gender, and social status (factors that we cannot manipulate in the laboratory).
disadvantage: the ambiguity of the results.

Question 37

Longitudinal research (extended correlational research)?

Answer 37

Longitudinal research can begin to sort out cause and effect because we know that some things happen before others.

Question 38

Naturalistic fallacy?

Answer 38

A seductive error for those who work in the social sciences is sliding from a description of what is into a prescription of what ought to be.

Question 39

advanced correlational techniques?

Answer 39

Advanced correlational techniques can suggest cause–effect relations.

Question 40

time-lagged correlations?

Answer 40

Time-lagged correlations reveal the sequence of events (for example, by indicating whether changed achievement more often precedes or follows changed self-esteem).

Question 41

confounded variable?

Answer 41

Definition: A confounding variable is an additional variable that is correlated with both the independent and dependent variables in a study.
Impact: It can create a spurious association between the independent and dependent variables, leading to incorrect conclusions about causation.

Question 42

social desirability?

Answer 42

tendency for people to say what they want others to hear or what they want to believe about themselves.

Question 43

control: manipulating variable?

Answer 43

By varying just one or two factors at a time—called independent variables—the experimenter pinpoints how changes in the one or two things affect us.

Question 44

Research Methods?

Answer 44

1. Correlational: Often uses real-world settings. dis: causation often ambiguous.
2. Experimental: Can explore cause and effect by controlling variables and by random assignment. Dis: Some important variables can’t be studied with experiment.

Question 45

Experimental study variables?

Answer 45

– Manipulate the independent variable (a.k.a. treatment)
– Measure the dependent variable (a.k.a. outcome)

Question 46

disadvantages of control research (Lab)?

Answer 46

• The laboratory is a simple controlled reality
  – Same effect may NOT be observed in a complex real world scenario
• Participants in most studies are university students
  – Thus, would we get similar results with people of different ages, educational levels, and cultures?

Question 47

what are the two essential parts in social-psychological experiment?

Answer 47

1. control.
2. random assignment.

Question 48

random assignment vs random sampling in survey?

Answer 48

Random assignment helps us infer cause and effect. Random sampling helps us generalize to a population.

Question 49

mundane realism?

Answer 49

Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

Question 50

experimental realism?

Answer 50

Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants.

Question 51

which principles should be used by researchers to keep the research ethical?

Answer 51

1. informed consent
2. Be truthful, Use deception only if essential and justified by a significant purpose and if there is no alternative.
3. Protect people from harm and significant discomfort.
4. Treat information about the individual participants confidentially.
5. Debrief participants. Fully explain the experiment afterward, including any deception. The only exception to this rule is when the feedback would be distressing, such as by making participants realize they have been stupid or cruel.

Question 52

How Do Values Affect Social Psychology?

Answer 52

1. their choice of research topics and the types of people who are attracted to various fields of study.
2. their hidden assumptions when forming concepts, choosing labels, and giving advice.