chap 8 Altruism

Question 1

altruism?

Answer 1

Altruism is selfishness in reverse

Question 2

social-exchange theory?

Answer 2

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs.

Question 3

B.F. Skinner’s analysis of altruism?

Answer 3

We credit people for their good deeds, said Skinner, only when we can’t explain them. We attribute their behaviour to their inner dispositions only when we lack external explanations.

Question 4

egoism?

Answer 4

the idea that self-interest motivates all behavior- has fallen into disrepute.

Question 5

what is feel-bad, do good phenomena?

Answer 5

the feel bad–do good effect occurs with people whose attention is on others, people for whom prosocial behaviour is, therefore, rewarding .

Question 6

feel-good-do-good?

Answer 6

people who receive mood-boost/ positive mood of relief/ are more likely to help.

Question 7

what are the two social norm that motives prosocial behavior others based on a research study ?

Answer 7

(1) the reciprocity norm and (2) the social-responsibility norm.`

Question 8

social capital?

Answer 8

the supportive connections, information flow, trust, and cooperative actions—that keeps a community healthy.

Question 9

PRIVATE AND PUBLIC RECIPROCATION OF A FAVOUR?

Answer 9

People were more willing to pledge to an experimental confederate’s charity if the confederate had done a small favour for them earlier, especially when their reciprocation was made known to the confederate.

Question 10

Richard Dawkins vs Donald Campbell about altruism?

Answer 10

Richard Dawkins’s: offers a humbling human image
Donald Campbell (1975b) called a biological reaffirmation of a deep, self-serving “original sin.” Genes that predispose individuals to self-sacrifice in the interests of strangers’ welfare would not survive in the evolutionary competition.

Question 11

what are the mechanism used to overcome selfishness?

Answer 11

Kin selection: If you carry my genes, I’ll favour you.

Direct reciprocity: You scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours.

Indirect reciprocity: I’ll scratch your back, you scratch someone’s, and someone will scratch mine.

Group selection: Back-scratching groups survive.

Question 12

David Barash about altruism?

Answer 12

“Genes help themselves by being nice to themselves, even if they are enclosed in different bodies.” Genetic egoism (at the biological level) fosters parental altruism (at the psychological level).

Question 13

schandenfrude?

Answer 13

secret pleasure at their misfortune

Question 14

sociable female baboons?

Answer 14

those who groom and stay in close contact with their peers—gain a reproductive advantage

Question 15

group-selection and altriusm?

Answer 15

group selection: When groups are in competition, groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non-altruists

Question 16

explain and compare the theories of Altruism?

Answer 16

Social norms-> Sociological - Reciprocity norm -Social-responsibility norm
Social exchange -> Psychological -External rewards for helping -Distress → inner rewards for helping
Evolutionary Biological - Reciprocity -Kin selection

Question 17

EGOISTIC AND ALTRUISTIC ROUTES TO HELPING?

Answer 17

Viewing someone else’s distress can evoke a mixture of self-focused distress and other-focused empathy. Researchers agree that distress triggers egoistic motives. But they debate whether empathy can trigger a purely altruistic motive.

Question 18

collapse of compassion?

Answer 18

decreasing concern as the number of suffering people increases

Question 19

why collapse of compassion occurs?

Answer 19

• people regulate their painful emotional responses to large tragedies.
• We feel more empathy for a real person than a suffering aggregate

Question 20

do we always help when we feel empaty?

Answer 20

Schaller and Cialdini concluded that if we feel empathy but know that something else will make us feel better, we aren’t so likely to help.

Question 21

pluralistic ignorance?

Answer 21

the assumption that others are thinking and feeling what we are.
Thus, in emergencies, each person may think, “I’m very concerned,” but perceive others as not looking alarmed—“so maybe it’s not an emergency.”

Question 22

THE SMOKE-FILLED ROOM EXPERIMENT?

Answer 22

workers that work alone is more likely to respond to a situation than the group.

Question 23

when the bystander effect is less likely to happen?

Answer 23

when the situation is dangerous, easy to interpret.

Question 24

when people are more likely to help?

Answer 24

solitary bystander and they believe that they are the only one to receive the request to help.

Question 25

elevation?

Answer 25

a distinctive feeling in the chest of warmth and expansion that may provoke chills, tears, and throat-clenching and that often inspires people to become more self-giving.

Question 26

The good Samaritan situation?

Answer 26

Those on their way to an unimportant appointment usually stopped to help. But people seldom stopped to help if they were late