Chap 4 attitude

Question 1

attitude?

Answer 1

A favourable or unfavourable evaluative reaction toward something or someone, exhibited in one’s beliefs, feelings, or intended behaviour

Question 2

ABC’s of attitude?

Answer 2

A: Affect (feelings)
B: Behavior tendency,
C: Cognition (thoughts).

Question 3

moral hypocrisy?

Answer 3

appearing moral without being so

Question 4

when our attitudes can influence and predict behavior?

Answer 4

1) When we minimize other influences on our attitude statements and our behaviour
2) When the attitude is specifically relevant to the observed behaviour
3) When attitudes are potent/strong.
– Something reminds us of it
– We gained it in a manner that makes it strong and on one’s mind

Question 5

Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

Answer 5

A computer-driven assessment of implicit attitudes that uses reaction times to measure people’s automatic associations between attitude objects and evaluative words, where easier pairings (and faster responses) are taken to indicate stronger unconscious associations.

Question 6

what are the result from the IAT assesments?

Answer 6

• Implicit biases are pervasive.
• People differ in implicit bias. Depending on their group memberships, their conscious attitudes, and the bias in their immediate environment, some people exhibit more implicit bias than others.
• People are often unaware of their implicit biases.
• Implicit biases can harm.

Question 7

which part of the brain is highly active while processing unconscious feelings?

Answer 7

amygdala (center for threat perception). and frontal lobe areas are involved in detecting and regulating implicit attitudes.

Question 8

principle of aggregation?

Answer 8

The effects of an attitude on behavior become more apparent when we look at a person’s aggregate or average behavior rather than at isolated acts.

Question 9

Theory of Reasoned Action?

Answer 9

is knowing people’s intended behaviors and subjective norms (in other words, what we think other people think about our behavior)

Question 10

perceived self-efficacy and control?

Answer 10

further validated the theory of Reasoned action and changed its name to the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Question 11

The theory of planned behavior?

Answer 11

(a)attitudes, (b)perceived social norms
(c)feelings of control together determine one’s intentions, which guide behaviour.

Question 12

when the attitude can predict behavior?

Answer 12

(1)when we minimize other influences on our attitude statements and our behavior
(2)when the attitude is specifically relevant to the observed behavior. (3) An attitude predicts behavior better when it is potent (strong and on one’s mind).

Question 13

role and norm?

Answer 13

role: actions expected of those who occupy a particular social position.
norm: Rules for accepted and expected behavior that prescribe “proper” behavior

Question 14

gender role?

Answer 14

the expected behavior from men and women.

Question 15

foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

Answer 15

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Question 16

pseudo effect?

Answer 16

result of the underlying attitude rather than the technique itself.

Question 17

low-ball technique?

Answer 17

A tactic for getting people to agree to something. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it.

Question 18

door-in-the-face-technique?

Answer 18

the tendency for people who have first declined a large request to comply with a subsequent, but smaller, request.

Question 19

Why actions affects attitude?

Answer 19

(1)Self-presentation theory assumes that, for strategic reasons, we express attitudes that make us appear consistent
(2)cognitive dissonance theory assumes that to reduce discomfort, we justify our actions to ourselves
(3)self-perception theory assumes that our actions are self-revealing (when uncertain about our feelings or beliefs, we look to our behavior, much as anyone else would).

Question 20

cognitive dissonance theory?

Answer 20

Tension that arises when we are simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favouring one alternative despite reasons favouring another

Question 21

how expectations affect performance?

Answer 21

insufficient justification.

Question 22

insufficient justification?

Answer 22

Reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one’s behavior when external justification is “insufficient.”

Question 23

dissonance after decision?

Answer 23

After making important decisions, we usually reduce dissonance by upgrading the chosen alternative and downgrading the unchosen option.

Question 24

Self-perception theory (proposed by Daryl Bem, 1972)?

Answer 24

assumes that we make similar inferences when we observe our own behaviour.
– When our attitudes are weak or ambiguous, we are in the position of someone who observes us from the outside

Question 25

emotional contagion?

Answer 25

explain why it’s fun to be around happy people and depressing to be around depressed people.

Question 26

overjustification effect?

Answer 26

The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their action as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.

Question 27

dissonance theory vs self-perception theory?

Answer 27

(1) the dissonance-theory assumption that we justify our behaviour to reduce our internal discomfort, and (2) the self-perception theory assumption that we observe our behaviour and make reasonable inferences about our attitudes, as we observe other people and infer their attitudes.

Question 28

self-affirmation theory?

Answer 28

A theory that people often experience self-image threat after engaging in an undesirable behaviour, and they compensate for this threat by affirming another aspect of the self. Threaten people’s self-concept in one domain, and they will compensate either by refocusing or by doing good deeds in some other domain.

Question 29

attribution theory?

Answer 29

How we explain peoples’ behaviour
Some attributions are enate in individual (in control of the person) and some are situational (not at control).

Question 30

Ajzen and Fishbein’s behavioral intention?

Answer 30

(a) attitudes ( subjective thought about the activity).
(b) perceived social norms (what do people around thinks about the action)
(c) feelings of control ( how easy or difficult the action is for the subject).
* Together determine one’s intentions, which guide behavior.
Ø Behavioral intention is a good protector of the behavior.

Question 31

Why Does Our Behaviour Affect Our
Attitudes?

Answer 31

• Impression management
  – Being concerned with making a good impression in order to:
  * gain social and material rewards
  * to feel better about ourselves
  * or to become more secure in our social identities
  Ø Deceptive impression management.
  – Wanting to appear consistent
  Ø Honest impression management.
  – We express attitudes that match our actions

Question 32

Selective exposure?

Answer 32

– People prefer to expose themselves with information that agrees with their point of view
– Connects with the “confirmation bias”

Question 33

Altruism?

Answer 33

doing a selfless activity.

Question 34

• Dissonance after decisions?

Answer 34

We can “manage” dissonance by upgrading the chosen alternative and downgrading the rejected alternative`

Question 35

• Dissonance and Arousal?

Answer 35

• When people attributed their arousal to a pill they had taken, they did not change their attitudes, demonstrating the role of dissonance in attitude change.
  Ø We change our attitude to align with what we do to reduce the tension and dissonance.

Question 36

• How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict Our Behaviours?

Answer 36

o Attitudes do not predict behaviour as well as most people believe.
o Attitudes are better predictors of behaviour, however, when
o social influences are minimal
o attitudes are specific to behaviours
o attitudes are potent (strong and on one’s mind).

Question 37

• When Does Our Behaviour Affect Our Attitudes?

Answer 37

o When taking on a role, our actions in that role often shape our attitudes.
o When we state a belief (even if we do not initially believe it), our words often shape our attitudes

Question 38

• When Does Our Behaviour Affect Our Attitudes?

Answer 38

o When we engage in small actions inconsistent with our attitudes, these small actions can lead to larger actions that can dramatically shape our attitudes and behaviour.
o When we engage in moral or evil acts, these actions can powerfully shape our attitudes.
o When we participate in social movements, our actions can profoundly shape our attitudes.

Question 39

• Why Does Our Behaviour Affect Our Attitudes?

Answer 39

o One reason our behaviours affect our attitudes is that we want to present ourselves to others and ourselves as consistently rational people.
Feeling hypocritic is not liked by people so to neutralize that feeling, people try to present themselves differently in the public.

Question 40

• Why Does Our Behaviour Affect Our Attitudes?

Answer 40

o Our behaviours also affect our attitudes because holding beliefs that are inconsistent with our actions is arousing and uncomfortable.
o Because it is often easier to change our beliefs than our actions, we change our beliefs to match our actions and reduce the discomfort.

Question 41

• Why Does Our Behaviour Affect Our Attitudes?

Answer 41

o We also change our beliefs to match our actions
because in observing our actions we have powerful clues about our beliefs.

Question 42

Why Does Our Behaviour Affect Our Attitudes?

Answer 42

o Several theories have been proposed to explain how our behaviour shapes our attitudes (i.e., self-presentation theory, cognitive dissonance theory, and self-perception
theory).

Question 43

• Why Does Our Behaviour Affect Our Attitudes?

Answer 43

o All three theories account for important phenomena, but cognitive dissonance theory is best at explaining what happens when the discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour is large.
Ø When the behavior and attitude is strong but different. To resolve is
o while self-perception theory is best at explaining what happens when the discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour is small.
Explaining why the behavior effects the attitude.