Chap 2 the self Flashcards

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1
Q

spotlight effect?

A

seeing ourselves at centre stage, thus intuitively overestimating the extent to which others’ attention is aimed at us.

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2
Q

illusion of transparency?

A

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others. happens when an individual feel worry and conscious about being evaluated negatively by other.

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3
Q

what forces plays role between our sense of self and our social worlds?

A
  1. Spotlight effect
  2. Illusion of transparency
  3. Social surroundings affect our social-awareness
  4. Self-interest colors our social judgment
  5. Social-concern motivates our social behavior.
  6. Social relationships help define the self
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4
Q

who discover insulin?

A

Frederick Banting and John Macleod received a 1923 Nobel Prize for discovering insulin.

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5
Q

how the rise of sense of self is studied by neuroscientists?

A
  • exploring the brain activity that underlies our constant sense of being oneself.
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6
Q

What is the significance of right hemisphere in self-recognition?

A

after putting to sleep (with an anesthetic to your right carotid artery) and you likely will have trouble recognizing your own face.
-One patient with right-hemisphere damage failed to recognize himself and he was controlling his left hand

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7
Q

what is the functionality of medial prefrontal cortex related to self?

A

The “medial prefrontal cortex,” a neuron path located in the cleft between your brain hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self. It becomes more active when you think about yourself

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8
Q

self-schemas?

A

The elements of your self-concept, the specific beliefs by which you define yourself.

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9
Q

schemas?

A

Schemas are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.

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10
Q

social comparison ?

A

We compare ourselves with those around us and become conscious of how we differ. We then use others as a benchmark by which we can evaluate our performance and our beliefs.

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11
Q

what does “seeing everyone else’s highlight reels” phenomenon refers to?

A

depression of Facebook users as a result of socially comparing themselves with others on the site.

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12
Q

Compare upward?

A

rising the standards by which we evaluate our attainments.

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13
Q

The looking-glass self concept by sociologist Charles H. Cooley?

A

our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.

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14
Q

individualism?

A

The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. INDEPENDENT SELF!

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15
Q

collectivism?

A

Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often, one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly. INTERDEPENDENT SELF!

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16
Q

conservative vs liberals?

A

1.Conservatives -> economic individualists (“Don’t tax or regulate me”) and moral collectivists (“Legislate against immorality”).
2. Liberals -> economic collectivists (supporting universal health care) and moral individualists (“Let people choose for themselves”)

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17
Q

how the concept of self-esteem in collectivist culture applies?

A

In collectivist cultures, self-esteem is malleable (context-specific) rather than stable (enduring across situations).

18
Q

planning fallacy?

A

underestimating how long it will take to complete a task

19
Q

impact bias?

A

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events. happens more after experiencing a negative event.

20
Q

how resilience is our coping mechanism?

A

major negative events (which activate our psychological defences) can be less enduringly distressing than minor irritations (which don’t activate our defences). We are, under most circumstances, remarkably resilient.

21
Q

how self-esteem level makes difference on people’s reaction to a threat?

A
  1. High-self-esteem people usually react to a self-esteem threat by compensating for it (blaming someone else or trying harder next time). MAINTIAN POSITIVE IMAGE OF THEMSELVES.
  2. Low-self-esteem people, however, are more likely to blame themselves or to give up
22
Q

schadenfreude ?

A

joy at another’s misfortune

23
Q

terror management theory?

A

humans must find ways to manage their overwhelming fear of death. If self-esteem is only about acceptance, he counters, why do “people strive to be great rather than to just be accepted”
- The reality of our own death, he argues, motivates us to gain recognition from our work and values/ can’t be wholly unconditional!

24
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment

25
Q

self-efficacy?

A

Believing in our own competence and effectiveness

26
Q

difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

A

If you believe you can do something, that’s self-efficacy. If you like yourself overall, that’s self-esteem.

27
Q

What Is Self-Serving Bias?

A

internalizing success and externalizing failure, unrealistic optimism, false consensus and uniqueness, comparing oneself favorably to others.

28
Q

What are self-serving biases’ adaptive and maladaptive aspects?

A
  • optimistic, helps with coping
    -unrealistic, people will make less effort
  • leads to failure
29
Q

self-serving attributions?

A

(attributing positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to something else)

30
Q

bias blind spot?

A

we blame other for self-serving biases but can’t see that we are engaging in the same activity. (our blind spot)

31
Q

what is explanatory style(associated with depressed people)?

A

A person’s habitual way of explaining life events. A negative, pessimistic, and depressive explanatory style attributes failures to stable, global, and internal causes. DEPRSSING SELSE OF HOPELESSNESS!

32
Q

self-handicapping?

A

Sometimes people sabotage their chances for success by creating impediments that make success less likely.

32
Q

defensive passimism?

A

Defensive pessimism anticipates problems and motivates effective coping.

33
Q

false consensus effect?

A

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours.

34
Q

false uniqueness effect?

A

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviours.

35
Q

temporal comparisons?

A

Comparisons between how the self is viewed now and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future.

36
Q

Self-presentation theory?

A

Self-presentation theory assumes that we are eager to present ourselves in ways that make a good impression. Thus, we feel social anxiety when we are motivated to impress others but have self-doubts.

37
Q

spotlight effect?

A

overestimate the extent to which other people are watching and evaluating them

38
Q

alcohol myopia?

A

Alcohol can also reduce social anxiety by restricting people’s ability to think about their internal states

39
Q

epigenetic?

A

molecular, epigenetic mechanisms by which stress, the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.