Chap-3 Social Beliefs and judgments. Flashcards
system 1 and system 2 of brain and which one influence our actions more?
- System 1 functions automatically and out of our awareness (often called “intuition” or a “gut feeling”).
- System 2 requires our conscious attention and effort. The big lesson of recent research: System1 influences more of our actions than we realize.
what is priming?
awakening or activating of certain associations.
embodied cognition?
The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgments.
what are the two processing that our thinking is made of ?
Our thinking combines bothautomatic processing (impulsive, effortless, and without our awareness—System1) and controlled processing (reflective, deliberate, and conscious—System2).
Schemas?
Schemas are mental concepts ortemplates that intuitively guide our perceptions and interpretations of our experience.
how the emotional information is processed in the brain?
eye or ear -> the brain’s sensory switchboard (the thalamus) -> emotional control centre (the amygdala) before the thinking cortex has had any chance to intervene
blindsight?
Having lost a portion of the visual cortex to surgery or stroke, people may be functionally blind in part of their field of vision.
subliminal stimuli?
kind of stimulus wherein it may be perceived and processed in the brain but does not elicit awareness of perception.
subliminal priming?
subliminal priming is the increasing of a person’s sensitivity towards a certain targeted stimulus so that the stimulus has a higher effect in the person when they come in contact with it (Subliminal priming happens below the threshold of consciousness so that the person doesn’t detect it
overconfidence phenomenon?
The tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs.
intellectual conceit/ overprecision?
evident in judgments of past knowledge extended to the future planning.
“ I knew it all along” expression. Planning fallacy!
confirmation bias?
A tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
contemplation curtails confirmation?
deep reflection or thoughtful consideration can limit or restrict the process of confirming or affirming certain ideas, beliefs, or assumptions. In other words, the act of pondering or contemplating a subject might introduce a level of skepticism or questioning that prevents a straightforward affirmation or validation of a particular concept.
name the two techniques that reduced the overconfidence bias?
- prompt feedback
- get to think why one’s judgement might be wrong.
heuristics?
A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments
representativeness heuristic?
The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member.
availability heuristic?
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace
probability neglect?
we worry about remote possibilities while ignoring higher probabilities
counterfactual thinking?
Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn’t
illusory correlation?
A perception of a relationship where none exists or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists.
gamblers’ illusions?
Gamblers attribute wins to their skill and foresight. Losses become “near misses” or “flukes”—perhaps (for the sports gambler) a bad call by the referee or a freakish bounce of the ball
regression toward the average?
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward the person’s average
belief perseverance
dismissing the contradictory information to our biases
misinformation effect?
Incorporating “misinformation” into one’s memory of an event, after witnessing an event and then receiving misleading information about it
false vs compliant vs internalized confessions?
false confession: Misinformation-induced false memories
compliant confession: people who confessed when worn down and often sleep-deprived
internalized confessions: ones apparently believed after people were fed misinformation.
rosy retrospection?
recalling mildly pleasant events more favourably than they experienced them.
totalitarian egos?
we underreport bad behaviour and overreport good behaviour.
misattribution?
Mistakenly attributing a behaviour to the wrong cause
attribution theory?
The theory of how people explain the behaviour of others—for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations
dispositional attribution?
Attributing behaviour to the person’s disposition and traits
situational attribution?
Attributing behaviour to the environment
spontaneous trait inference?
An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behaviour
Inferring traits?
infer that other people’s actions are indicative of their intentions and dispositions
fundamental attribution error?
The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences on others’ behaviour; also called correspondence bias because we so often see behaviour as corresponding to a disposition
self-fulfilling prophecies?
Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment
