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Lsat > Chap 9 > Flashcards

Chap 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the powerful question types?

A
  • Strenghen
  • Weaken
  • Sufficient Assumption
  • Counter
  • Contradiction
  • Evaluate
  • Resolution

**SW SCCER

**Once you know the above every other category is provable.

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2
Q

Power Statement: (Weaken) Question stem keywords.

A
  • Which one of the following, if true.
  • Weaken.
  • Most undermine the conclusion.
  • Most Vulnerable.
  • Counts as Evidence against.
  • Calls into questions.
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3
Q

Weaken Questions. (What are you looking for?)

A
  • The most powerful thing you can find to destroy the argument conclusion.
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4
Q

Weaken questions. (What is the Role of the Loophole)

A
  • The correct ans to a to a weaken question is essentially the loophole. **You want the most powerful ans available that to the wakening exposed. by the loophole.
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5
Q

Weaken Question stem examples.

A
  • Which one of the following most seriously weaken the argument above?
  • Which one of the following, If true most tends to undermind the argument?
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6
Q

Back up plan Re Weaken arguments

A
  • Does this less likly to make the conclusion to be true?
    • If yes, choose it.
    • If no cross it off.
    • If your not sure, leave it for later
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7
Q

Weaken Strategy:

A
  • You already have a Loophole.
  • The Loophole zeroes in on the argument’s weakness.
  • Go find Loophole actualized in the answer choice.
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8
Q

Weaken Game plan

A
  • Weaken Questions ask you to attack the argument, putting your loophole into action. -
  • When looking at the answer choices re weakening questions you have to find powerful language in your answer choices that mimic your loophole.
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9
Q

Strengthen Questions Keywords:

A
  • Which of the following If true?
    • Strengthen.
    • Most helps to
      • justify
      • strengthen -
      • support
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10
Q

What are you looking for Re Strenghing questions

A
  • The most thing you can find to help the argument’s conclusion.
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11
Q

What is the role of the loophole Re Strengthening questions?

A
  • The correct and to a strengthen question patches up the weakness exposed by the loophole.
  • **One of the easiest ways to strengthen an argument is to cover up its weakness.
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12
Q

Question stem examples Re strengthen questions.

A
  • Which one of the following, if true most helps to strengthen the argument?
  • Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
  • Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the reasoning above?
  • Which one of the following principles of valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the arguments.
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13
Q

What is the strategy Re strengthening questions?

A

-The loophole exposes the argument weakness come up with something the plugs the hole exposed by the loophole. -go find the helping hand in the answer choices.

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14
Q

What is the backup plan Re strengthening questions?

A
  • Does this make the conclusion more likely to be true?
  • If yes choose it -If no cross it off.
  • if you’re not sure, leave it alone.
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15
Q

Strengthen Strategy:

A
  • you already have a Loophole.
  • The Loophole exposed the argument’s weakness. Come up with something that plugs the hole exposed by the Loophole.
  • Go find that helping hand in the answer choices.
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16
Q

Sufficient (S.A) Question Stem Keywords:

A
  • Which of the following if true/assumed. -Enable the conclusion to be properly drawn/ justify the conclusion. -The conclusion follows logically
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17
Q

What you’re looking for Re S.A

A

-The most powerful thing you can find to prove the conclusion 100% valid.

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18
Q

What is the role of the loophole Re S.A

A

the corrects ans to an SA question plugs the loophole on overdrive.

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19
Q

Questions stems Re S.A.

A

-The conclusion drawn above follows logically of which one of the following is assumed. -The argument’s conclusion can be properly drawn if which one of the following if assumed? -Which one of the following is an assumption that would allow the conclusion above to be properly drawn.

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20
Q

Strategy Re S.A

A

-You already have a Loophole - Go overboard filling the gap exposed by the Loophole until the conclusion is 100% proven. Build that ironclad bridge between the premises. -Go find that bridge in the answer.

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21
Q

Back up plan Re S.A

A
  • If this is true, is the argument 100% completely?
  • If yes, choose it.
  • If no, cross off
  • If you’re not sure, leave it for later.
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22
Q

S.A Game plan

A
  • The correct answer will completely remedy the problem the loophole;e exposed;
  • it will amply that remedy until it sends the argument firmly into valid territory. Loophole:
      1. What if the was something else?
      1. What if Xandu has some downside?
      1. What if there was an asteroid. Sufficient assumption:
        * 1a: This the only possible thing it could be.
        * 2a: Xandu is superior to all other candidates in every respect.
        * 3a: There has never been an impact of any object from space in the history of the planet.
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23
Q

What is the Biggest trap Re S.A:

A
  • the biggest trap in SA is misidentified the Question stem.
  • If you see the word “most” it is not an S.A question. SA question type for shades of gray and most are super grey. and “most” super Grey.
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24
Q

Counter Question Stem Keywords:

A
  1. Which one of the following, If true 2. counter 3. in response to
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25
Q

Role of the Controversy Re Counter

A

-The Controversy provides the groundwork for where to start with your comeback. If you don’t know what the two speakers are debating, you arent going to find much success taking sides in the Debate. - **You already have a Controversy. you know the crux of the issue between the first and second speaker.

26
Q

Question Stems Example Re Counter

A
  1. Which one of the following, if true, is the strongest counter Laila can make to Timothy’s objection? 2. Which one of the following, if true would provide Sina with the strongest counter to Gabriela’s response.
27
Q

Strategy to ans Counter Questions:

A
  1. You already have a Controversy. You know the crux of the issue between the first and second.
  2. Pretend you’re the first speaker and attack the Loophole in the second speaker’s argument.
  3. Go find that attack in the answer choices.
28
Q

Back up Plan Re Counter

A
  1. Is this something the first speaker would say and does it hurt the second speaker’s argument?
    1. If yes, choose it.
    2. If no, cross it off.
    3. If you’re not sure, leave it for later.
29
Q

What is the game plan Re: Counter.

A
  • Your goal in a Counter question is to pretend you’re the first speaker and plan you’re come back to whatever the second speaker hurled at you. Counter question allows you to live out the elusive fantasy of replying with the perfect comeback, the comeback you realize ten minutes after the person you’re arguing with has walked away. Plan your comeback before you go to the answer choices. It could call the relevance of the second speaker’s premises into question, attack their method of reasoning, or bring in new information that makes their conclusion look dumb. it just has to exploit a weakness in the second speaker’s argument. Choose the perfect comeback and you have the correct answer.
30
Q

What SW SCCER stands for.

A

-Strengthen -Weaken -Sufficient Assumption -Counter -Contradiction -Evaluate -Resolution

31
Q

Question Stem Keywords Re Contradiction

A
  • If the statements above are true
  • cannot be true -violate the principle
  • could be true EXCEPT
32
Q

Question Stem example Re Contradiction

A
  • If statement above are true, then on the basis of them which one of the following cannot be true?
  • if the statements above are true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT.
  • The information above, if accurate, can best be used as evidence against which one of the following hypotheses?
33
Q

What are you’re looking for Re Contradiction Question

A

The thing that Contradicts literal words from the stimulus.

34
Q

What is the role of the inference Re Contradiction Questions?

A

Contradiction questions hate inferences the Inference (and anything even remotely rembling an Inference) is incorrect. You probably have an inference in your pocket. this inference is an incorrect answer. Don’t choose it.

35
Q

Strategy Re Contradiction question

A

Find somthing that cant exist in the world of the stimulus. Don’t fall for Crazy Nonsense answer. They’re incorrect because they don’t directly violate the facts of the stimulus. Does this contradict the stimulus?

36
Q

Back- up Plan Re Contradiction Questions

A
  • If yes, choose it
  • If no, cross it off
  • If you’re not sure, leave it for later.
37
Q

Contradiction Gameplan.

A
  • Contradiction questions often end up feeling harder than they should. Coming into theses, you’ll likely have an Inference ready.
  • This is good because you’ll know exactly what NOT to choose. If you see anything remotely provable, cross it off right away. You are looking for an answer that directly contradicts the stimulus.
  • The correct answer can contradict anywhere on the stimulus, premises or conclusion. But the answer choices can mislead you on Contradiction question questions.
  • They will throw some off-the-wall stuff into the wrong answer. We need to prepare you to resist the Crazy Nonsense temptation.
  • Let’s check out an example Premise Set to examine the difference between a true Contradiction and Crazy Nonsense (random words that are unsupported by the stimulus.)
38
Q

Question Stem Keywords Re-Evaluate

A

-The answer to which of the following questions -which of the following, if true - evaluate + the argument/ the conclusion -most helpful to know/ relevant to evaluating. -most helpful to know/ relevant to evaluating

39
Q

Question Stem Example Re Evaluate.

A
  • Which one of the following would it be most helpful to know in order to judge whether what the scientist subsequently learned calls into question the hypothesis?
  • The answer to which one of the following would be the most helpful in determining whether Willam’s argument could be logically defended against Marianna’s objection?
  • The answer to which one of the following questions is most relevant to evaluating the conclusion drawn above?
  • Which one of the following would it be most relevant to investigate in evaluating the conclusion of the argument? -
40
Q

What you’re looking for Re-Evaluate

A

A powerful pop quiz for the argument’s validity

41
Q

Role of the loophole Re Evaluate

A
  • The correct answer to an Evaluate question will ask whether the Loophole is active.
42
Q

Question Stem Example Re: Evaluate

A
  • Which one of the following would it be most helpful to know in order to judge whether what the scientist subsequently learned calls into question the hypothesis?
  • The answer to which one of the following would be the most helpful in determining whether William’s argument could be logically defended against Mariana’s objection?
  • The answer to which one of the following questions is most relevant to evaluating the conclusion drawn above.
  • Which one of the following would it be most relevant to investigate in evaluating the conclusion of the argument
43
Q

Strategy Re-Evaluate

A
  • you already have a Loophole
  • you want to literally evaluate the argument.
  • The Loophole exposed the crux of the argument’s validity, so that’s where you should focus.
  • Go find something that asks about whether the Loophole is true in the answer choices.
44
Q

Back up Plan Re: Evaluate

A

Is this crucial for the argument’s validity -if yes, choose it -If no, cross it out. -If you’re not sure leave it for later.

45
Q

Evaluate Game Plan

A
  • Evaluate questions are testing whether you know what’s important for the argument’s validity.
  • They ask, “What does the argument’s validity depend on? Cool story:
  • It depends on your Loophole. Evaluate questions are asking for the crux of the argument’s validity: your Loophole.
  • The correct answer will zero in on this crucial point. -But say your Loophole doesn’t appear in the answer choices. How will you know which answer is crucial to the argument’s validity? Look at each answer choice ans ask yourself, “Does this matter?’
  • If the dilemma that the answer choice poses actually matters for the conclusion’s validity, the answer choice is correct.
  • If it doesn’t matter, the answer choice is wrong. -Remember, a correct Evaluate answer choice is the ultimate pop quiz for the argument’s validity. How you respond to the dilemma it poses determines
  • if the argument passes or fails. Answer one way, the Loophole is activated, and the argument fails. Answer the other way and the argument.
46
Q

Question Stem Keywords Re Resolution

A

-which one of the following, if true -most helps to + explain/ resolve /account for - discrepancy / paradox / conflict / surprising result.

47
Q

Question Stem Examples Re Resolution

A
  • Which one of the following, if true, does most to explain the surprising result?
  • Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above?
  • Which one of the following, if true, most helps to resolve the apparent paradox?
  • Which one of the following, if true helps to resolve apparent conflict described above?
48
Q

What you’re looking for Re Resolution.

A

The most powerful thing you can find to make the Paradox make sense.

49
Q

Role of the Resolution

A

It’s the correct answer! YAY!

50
Q

Strategy Re Resolution

A

You already have the Resolution from CLIR go choose it.

51
Q

Back up plan Re Resolution

A

Does this make the Paradox make sense -If yes, choose it. - If no, cross it off -If you’re not sure, leave it for Later.

52
Q

Which of the SW SCCER is a loophole and which one is an Inference?

  • Strengthen
  • Weaken
  • Sufficient Assumption
  • Counter
  • Contradiction
  • Evaluate
  • Resolution
A
  • Loophole (Weaken, Strengthen, S.A, Evaluate)
  • Controversy (Counter)
  • Inference (Contradiction)
53
Q

What are some powerful answer keywords?

A
  • All
  • None
  • Only every time
  • Every
  • Never Required
  • Always
54
Q

What are some Powerful CLIR’s

A
  • LoopHole
  • Resolution
55
Q

Things to be careful of when choosing Powerful ans choices.

A
  • You should always prefer a conceptually powerful answer choice over a misdirected, but powerful-worded answer choice.
56
Q

Provable Questions:

A
  • Conclusion
  • Inference
  • Most Strongly Support (MSS)
  • Fill in
  • Controversy
  • Agreement
  • Parallel Reasoning
  • Method Argument Part Necessary Assumption (N.A)
  • Classic Flaw
  • Loophole Flaw
  • Principle Conform
  • Parallel Flaw
57
Q

Provable Answer Keywords

A
  • Could
  • Can
  • (at least) some
  • (at least) one
  • tend to
  • Not all
  • Usually
  • Possible
  • Not Necessarily
  • Possibly
  • Sometimes
  • May
58
Q

Provable CLIR

A
  • inference
  • Controversy
59
Q

What is very important to know about provable answer choices

A
  • Conceptually provable answer choices are boring; they are just replying what you saw in the stimulus.
60
Q

Something to keep in mind when choosing Powerful and Provable answer choices.

A
  • Always choose the answer choice that is closest to the end of the Powerful and Provable Spectrum you’re aiming for.
  • But beware of becoming exclusively reliant on keywords.
  • The correct answer to a Powerful question could include the word “some” This is possible.
  • Despite the possible presence of a provable word keyword, the correct answer to a Powerful question will still be the most conceptually powerful answer choice available. And concepts always beat keywords.
61
Q

Party Trick,

A

*

Lsat (18 decks)

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