chap 9 Flashcards
classical conditioning
a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus (N)
a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus (US)
an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training
unconditioned response (UR)
an organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response (CR)
the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus
generalization
responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli
discrimination
the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
extinction
the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus
operant conditioning
learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence
Reinforcement
stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated
primary reinforcer
stimulus that is naturally rewarding (dangerous for humans bc ruins homeostasis)
secondary reinforcer
stimulus that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer
Shaping
technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward
response chain
learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next
aversive control
process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli
negative reinforcement
a painful/unpleasant stimuli is reduced or removed
escape conditioning
training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus
avoidance conditioning
training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus
social learning
process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others
cognitive learning
form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation
cognitive map
a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events
latent learning
alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior
learned helplessness
repeated attempts to control a situation fail = belief that the situation is uncontrollable
modeling
learning by imitating others; copying behavior
token economy
conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards
