chap 9

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

a learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 2

neutral stimulus (N)

Answer 2

a stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response

Question 3

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 3

an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training

Question 4

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 4

an organism’s automatic (or natural) reaction to a stimulus

Question 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

a once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 6

the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

generalization

Answer 7

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

Question 8

discrimination

Answer 8

the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

operant conditioning

Answer 10

learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence

Question 11

Reinforcement

Answer 11

stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

Question 12

primary reinforcer

Answer 12

stimulus that is naturally rewarding (dangerous for humans bc ruins homeostasis)

Question 13

secondary reinforcer

Answer 13

stimulus that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer

Question 14

Shaping

Answer 14

technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward

Question 15

response chain

Answer 15

learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next

Question 16

aversive control

Answer 16

process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli

Question 17

negative reinforcement

Answer 17

a painful/unpleasant stimuli is reduced or removed

Question 18

escape conditioning

Answer 18

training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus

Question 19

avoidance conditioning

Answer 19

training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 20

social learning

Answer 20

process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others

Question 21

cognitive learning

Answer 21

form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation

Question 22

cognitive map

Answer 22

a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events

Question 23

latent learning

Answer 23

alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior

Question 24

learned helplessness

Answer 24

repeated attempts to control a situation fail = belief that the situation is uncontrollable

Question 25

modeling

Answer 25

learning by imitating others; copying behavior

Question 26

token economy

Answer 26

conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards