CHAP 9-11

Question 1

What is the use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition?

Answer 1

Chemotherapy

Question 2

What do you call any drug used to treat any condition or disease?

Answer 2

chemotherapeutic agent

Question 3

What do you call any chemical (drug) used to treat an infectious disease?

Answer 3

antimicrobial agent

Question 4

What is a substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganisms?

Answer 4

antibiotic

Question 5

Antibiotics that have been chemically modified to kill a wider variety of pathogens or reduce side effects are called?

Answer 5

semisynthetic antibiotics

Question 6

What inhibit growth of bacteria?

Answer 6

Bacteriostatic drugs

Question 7

What drugs kill bacteria?

Answer 7

bactericidal drugs

Question 8

What inhibit production of folic acid (a vitamin) in those bacteria that require p-aminobenzoic acid to synthesize folic acid?

Answer 8

Sulfonamide drugs

Question 9

TRUE/FALSE

In most Gram-positive bacteria, penicillin interferes with the synthesis and cross-linking of peptidoglycan, a component of cell walls.

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

What destroy only Gram-negative bacteria? They are also referred to as narrow-spectrum antibiotics.

Answer 10

Colistin and nalidixic acid

Question 11

Antibiotics that are destructive to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are called?

Answer 11

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Question 12

What do you call it when two antimicrobial agents are used together to produce a degree of pathogen killing that is greater than that achieved by either drug alone?

Answer 12

Synergism

Question 13

What do you call it when two drugs actually work against each other?

Answer 13

Antagonism

Question 14

What do you call agents that work by:

– Interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis

– Interfering with protozoal metabolism

Answer 14

Antiprotozoal agents

Question 15

What are the newest weapons in antimicrobial methodology?

Answer 15

Antiviral agents

Question 16

What are microbes (mainly bacteria) that have become resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents?

Answer 16

Superbugs

Question 17

What are notorious havens for multidrug- resistant microbes?

Answer 17

Hospitals

Question 18

If bacteria that were once susceptible to a particular drug become resistant, this is called?

Answer 18

Acquired resistance

Question 19

A plasmid that contains multiple genes for drug resistance is known as a?

Answer 19

Resistance factor (R-factor)

Question 20

What are the three types of β-lactamases?

Answer 20

– Penicillinases
– Cephalosporinases
– Carbapenemases

Question 21

What do you call it when drug therapy is initiated before laboratory results are available?

Answer 21

Empiric therapy

Question 22

What provides a quick reference whenever empiric therapy is necessary?

Answer 22

Chart

Question 23

What is is the systematic study of the interrelationships that exist between organisms and their environment?

Answer 23

Ecology

Question 24

What is the study of the numerous interrelationships between microbes and the world around them?

Answer 24

Microbial ecology

Question 25

What is defined as **two dissimilar organisms living together** in a close association?

Answer 25

Symbiosis

Question 26

What refers to a symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the relationship?

Answer 26

Neutralism

Question 27

What is a symbiotic relationship that is **beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence to the other**?

Answer 27

Commensalism

Question 28

What is a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts?

Answer 28

Mutualism

Question 29

What is a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont (the parasite) and detrimental to the other symbiont (the host)?

Answer 29

Parasitism

Question 30

What is a living organism that harbors another living organism?

Answer 30

Host

Question 31

What is designed for digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of undigested materials?

Answer 31

GI tract

Question 32

What contains the largest number and variety of microbes of any colonized area of the body: an estimated 500 to 600 different species—primarily bacteria?

Answer 32

Colon

Question 33

What means “microbes versus microbes”?

Answer 33

Microbial antagonism

Question 34

Bacteria found within other microorganisms are known as?

Answer 34

endosymbionts

Question 35

What is defined as **any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use**?

Answer 35

Biotechnology

Question 36

What refers to the use of microbes to clean up various types of wastes, including industrial and toxic wastes, and environmental pollutants?

Answer 36

Bioremediation

Question 37

What do you call **bacteria that normally consume methane in the environment** and have been used to remove highly toxic solvents?

Answer 37

Methanotrophs

Question 38

What can be loosely defined as the study of disease?

Answer 38

Epidemiology

Question 39

What is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another?

Answer 39

Communicable disease

Question 40

What is a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person to person?

Answer 40

Contagious disease

Question 41

What are diseases that humans acquire from animal sources?

Answer 41

Zoonotic diseases

Question 42

What is the number of new cases of that particular disease in a defined population during a specific time period?

Answer 42

Incidence

Question 43

What is the number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specified time period per a specifically defined population?

Answer 43

Morbidity rate

Question 44

What is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population **during a specific time period**?

Answer 44

Period prevalence

Question 45

What is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a **particular moment in time**?

Answer 45

Point prevalence

Question 46

What is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specified time period per a specified population?

Answer 46

Mortality rate

Question 47

What is one that occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area?

Answer 47

Sporadic disease

Question 48

What is one that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area?

Answer 48

Endemic disease

Question 49

What is defined as a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually within a short period of time?

Answer 49

Epidemic disease

Question 50

What is a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously?

Answer 50

pandemic

Question 51

What are the six components in the infectious disease process?

Answer 51

1. Pathogen 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of exit 4. Mode of transmission 5.Portal of entry 6. Susceptible host

Question 52

What do you call the sources of microbes that cause infectious diseases?

Answer 52

reservoirs

Question 53

When arthropods are involved in the transmission of infectious diseases, they are referred to as?

Answer 53

Vectors

Question 54

What do you call inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens?

Answer 54

Fomites

Question 55

What do you call microbes purposely used to harm others in times of war?

Answer 55

Biologic warfare (BW) agents

Question 56

Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness, and death in situations other than war are called?

Answer 56

Bioterrorism agents

Question 57

What are the major steps in water treatment?

Answer 57

- Sedimentation -Coagulation -Filtration -Chlorination

Question 58

Water is tested for fecal contamination by checking for the presence of?

Answer 58

Coliform bacteria (coliforms)