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MicroPara > CHAP 5, 6 1/2 > Flashcards

CHAP 5, 6 1/2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Are photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms
  • Include: diatoms, dinoflagellates, desmids, spirogyra, Chlamydomonas, volvox, and euglena
  • An important source of food, iodine, fertilizers, emulsifiers, and stabilizers and gelling agents for jams and culture media
A

Algae

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2
Q

Algae in several other genera secrete toxic substances called?

A

Phycotoxins

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3
Q

If ingested by humans, the phycotoxins produced by the dinoflagellates that cause “red tides” can lead to a disease called?

A

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

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4
Q

Are important members of phytoplankton, producing much oxygen in our atmosphere and serving as important links in food chains

A

Dinoflagellates

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5
Q
  • Are tiny unicellular algae that live in both fresh and seawater.
  • They are important members of the phytoplankton.
  • Have silicon dioxide in their cell walls thus they have cell walls made of glass
  • Often called “algae in glass houses” or “algae in opal houses”
A

Diatoms

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6
Q
  • Possessed features of both algae and protozoa
  • For algae contains chloroplast, photosynthetic and stores energy in the form of starch
A

Euglena

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7
Q
  • Non-photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms
  • Most are unicellular and free-living
  • Found in soil and water
  • Do not have cell walls but some possess a thickened cell membrane called a “pellicle”
A

Protozoa

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8
Q

A typical protozoan life cycle has 2 stages which are?

A
  • Trophozoite
  • Cyst
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9
Q

Is the motile, feeding, dividing stage of a protozoa

A

Trophozoite

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10
Q

Is the nonmotile, dormant, survival stage of a protozoa

A

Cyst

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11
Q

What do you call “false feet”?

A

Pseudopodia

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12
Q

What type of protozoa move by means of pseudopodia (false feet)?

A

Amoeba

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13
Q

What type of protozoa move by means of hairlike cilia?

A

Ciliates

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14
Q

What type of protozoa move by means of whiplike flagella?

A

Flagellates

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15
Q

What type of protozoa has no visible means of locomotion?

A

Sporozoa

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16
Q

A reproductive cell that forms without fertilization and produces a new organism

A

Spore

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17
Q

Are organisms that cause the disease malaria in humans and other mammals/birds

A

Plasmodium

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18
Q

What do you call the study of fungi?

A

Mycology

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19
Q
  • Are the “garbage disposers” of nature
  • Not photosynthetic and are virtually found everywhere
A

Fungi

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20
Q

Fungi cell walls contain a polysaccharide called?

A

Chitin

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21
Q

Some fungi are unicellular, while others grow as filaments called?

A

Hyphae

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22
Q

What do you call hyphae that do not have septa

A

Septate hyphae

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23
Q

What are the 2 general categories of spores?

A
  • Sexual spores
  • Asexual spores (a.k.a. conidia)
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24
Q

Some yeasts produce thick-walled, spore-like structures called?

A

Chlamydospores

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25
Q

What do you call eukaryotic, unicellular organisms that lack mycelia?

A

Yeasts

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26
Q

What do you call individual yeast cells that can only be observed using a microscope?

A

Blastospores or blastoconidia

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27
Q

What do you call a string of elongated buds?

A

Pseudohypha

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28
Q

True or False:
Yeasts have been used for centuries to make wine and beer.

A

True

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29
Q

What is a yeast used in baking?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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30
Q

Is the yeast most frequently isolated from human clinical specimens

A

Candida albicans

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31
Q
  • Genus of yeasts
  • Causes vaginal yeast infection, infections in other moist areas of your body such as your mouth (thrush), skin folds, and fingernail beds (candidiasis)
A

Candida

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32
Q

Are larger than bacteria and are usually oval-shaped

A

Yeasts

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33
Q

Yeasts are often observed in the process of?

A

Budding

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34
Q
  • Are often seen in water, soil and growing on food
  • Produce cytoplasmic filaments called hyphae
  • Reproduction is by spore formation, either sexually or asexually, on the aerial hyphae (also known as reproductive hyphae)
A

Moulds (Molds)

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35
Q

What type of hyphae extends above the surface of whatever the Mould is growing on?

A

Aerial hyphae

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36
Q

What type of hyphae grows beneath the surface?

A

Vegetative hyphae

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37
Q

What antibiotics are produced by moulds?

A
  • Penicillium
  • Cephalosporium
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38
Q

What are the infectious diseases of humans and animals that are caused by molds?

A

Mycoses

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39
Q

Fungal infections of the outermost areas of the human body like hair, nails and epidermis

A

Superficial Mycoses

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40
Q

Fungal infections of the living layer of the skin, the dermis.

A

Cutaneous Mycoses

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41
Q

What do you call a group of molds that cause tinea (ringworm) infections

A

Dermatophytes

42
Q

Are fungal infections of the dermis and underlying tissues

A

Subcutaneous Mycoses

43
Q

Are fungal infections of the internal organs of the body

A

Systemic Mycoses

44
Q

What do you call the phenomenon where a few fungi, including some pathogens, can live as either yeasts or molds, depending on growth conditions

A

Dimorphism

45
Q
  • Are observed as colored, often circular patches on tree trunks and rocks
  • Are composed of an algae and a fungus living in a mutualistic relationship
  • Are classified as protists
46
Q
  • Are found in soil and on rotting logs
  • Have both fungal and protozoal characteristics
  • Are classified as protists
A

Slime Moulds

47
Q

What can be thought of as a “bag” of chemicals that interact each other in a variety of ways

48
Q

What is the study of compounds that contain carbon?

A

Organic Chemistry

49
Q

Involves all other chemical reactions

A

Inorganic chemistry

50
Q

Is the chemistry of living cells

A

Biochemistry

51
Q
  • Is the branch of science that studies organic compounds
  • Involves fossil fuels, dyes, drugs, paper, ink, paints, plastics, gasoline, rubber tires, food, and clothing
A

Organic Chemistry

52
Q

An organic molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms

A

Hydrocarbon

53
Q

What rings are formed when carbon atoms link to other carbon atoms to close a chain?

A

Cyclic compounds

54
Q

What is a cyclic compound with 6 carbons and 6 hydrogens

55
Q
  • It is the study of biology at the molecular level and is the chemistry of living organisms
  • Involves the study of biomolecules present within living organisms
A

Biochemistry

56
Q

Are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

Carbohydrates

57
Q
  • Are the smallest and simplest of the carbohydrates
  • Has only 1 ring in the structure
A

Monosaccharides

58
Q

What are double-ringed sugars that result from the combination of 2 monosaccharides (with the removal of a water molecule)

A

Disaccharide

59
Q

What do you call the reaction where there is a removal of water molecule from the combination of 2 monosaccharides?

A

Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

60
Q

Disaccharides react with water in a process called ______, which causes them to break down into 2 monosaccharides.

A

Hydrolysis reaction

61
Q
  • Found in the cell walls of all members of the Domain Bacteria?
  • A repeating disaccharide attached by proteins to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the bacterial cell
A

Peptidoglycan

62
Q

Carbohydrates that are composed of many monosaccharides

A

Polysaccharides

63
Q

Used for storage of energy and it provides a “tough” molecule for structural support and protection

A

Polysaccharides

64
Q

What do you call molecules that consists of many similar subunits?

65
Q
  • An important lass of biomolecules
  • Most are insoluble in water but soluble in fat solvents such as ether, chloroform, and benzene
  • Are essential constituents of most living cells
66
Q
  • Are the building blocks of lipids
  • Long, chain carboxylic acids that are insoluble in water
A

Fatty Acids

67
Q

Contain 1 single bond between carbon atoms

A

Saturated fatty acids

68
Q

Have 1 double bond in the carbon chain

A

Mono unsaturated fatty acids

69
Q

Contain 2 or more double bonds

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

70
Q

Cannot be synthesized in the human body and must be provided in the diet

A

Essential fatty acids

71
Q

What consists of a saturated fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol

72
Q

What are the most common types of lipids

73
Q

Contain glycerol, fatty acids, a phosphate group, and an alcohol

A

Phospholipids

74
Q

Are the most abundant lipids in cell membranes

A

Glycerophospholipids

75
Q

A lipid bilayer, consisting of 2 rows of phospholipids, arranged tail-to-tail

A

Cell membrane

76
Q
  • Are phospholipids that contain sphingosine rather than glycerol
  • Found in brain and nerve tissues
A

Sphingolipids

77
Q

One of the most abundant sphingolipids, and makes up the myelin sheath that coats nerve cells

A

Sphingomyelin

78
Q

Abundant in the brain and in the myelin sheath of nerves

A

Glycolipids

79
Q

What are the most essential chemicals in all living cells and are considered as the “the substance of life”?

80
Q

True or False:
Only some proteins are polymers of amino acids.

A

False (All)

81
Q

What are linked together to form proteins via covalent bonds referred to as peptide bonds

A

Amino Acids

82
Q

What do you call the linear sequence of amino acids?

A

Primary Protein structure

83
Q

What do you call the twisting or coiling of the chain of amino acids?

A

Secondary Protein structure

84
Q

What do you call the folding or entwining of the chain if amino acids?

A

Tertiary protein structure

85
Q

What do you call the bonding of 2 or more polypeptide chains?

A

Quaternary protein structure

86
Q
  • Are specialized protein molecules produced by living cells
  • Are known as biological catalysts meaning they catalyze metabolic reactions
87
Q

An agent that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction

88
Q

True or False:
Almost every chemical reaction in a cell requires a specific enzyme

89
Q

What type of protein only functions when linked with a nonprotein cofactor?

A

Apoenzymes

90
Q

What do you call the combination of an apoenzyme plus a cofactor?

A

Holoenzyme

91
Q

What is the specific molecule on which an enzyme acts?

A

Enzyme’s substrate

92
Q

What comprises the 4th major group of biomolecules in living cells?

A

DNA and RNA

93
Q

It is the “hereditary molecule” which is the molecule that contains the genes and genetic code

94
Q

Participate in the conversion of the genetic code into proteins and other gene products

95
Q
  • The building blocks of nucleic acid polymers?
  • Are more complex monomers than amino acids
A

Nucleotides

96
Q

What does DNA and RNA contain as their pentose?

A

DNA - deoxyribose
RNA - ribose

97
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
  • Transfer RNA
98
Q

In the 5 nitrogenous bases: A, G, C, T, U which ones are purines and pyrimidines?

A

Purines:
A, G
Pyrimidines:
C, T, U

99
Q

What nitrogenous base is found only in DNA?

A

Thymine (T)

100
Q

What nitrogenous base is found only in RNA?

A

Uracil (U)

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