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MicroPara > CHAP 6 1/2, 7 > Flashcards

CHAP 6 1/2, 7 Flashcards

1
Q

A always bonds with __ via 2 hydrogen bonds.

A

T

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2
Q

G always bonds with ___ via 3 hydrogen bonds.

A

C

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3
Q

What are known as “base pairs”?

A

A-T and G-C

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4
Q

What do you call the separation of the 3 DNA strands and the building of complementary strands by the addition of the correct DNA nucleotides?

A

DNA Replication

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5
Q

What is the most important enzyme required for DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

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6
Q

What contains the blueprint that will enable a cell to make what is known as a gene product?

A

Gene

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7
Q
  • Explains the flow of genetic information within a cell
  • Also known as “one gene- one protein hypothesis”
A

The Central Dogma

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8
Q

True or False:
All genes on a chromosome are not being expressed at any given time. It would not be logical for a cell to produce a particular enzyme if it was not needed.

A

True

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9
Q

What do you call genes that are only expressed when the gene products are needed?

A

Inducible genes

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10
Q

What are genes that are expressed at all times?

A

Constitutive genes

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11
Q

What do you call the process by which the genetic code within the DNA molecule is transcribed to produce an mRNA molecule?

A

Transcription

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12
Q

In eukaryotes, where does transcription occur?

A

Within nucleus

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13
Q

In prokaryotes, where transcription occur?

A

In cytoplasm

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14
Q

What do you call the process of translating the message carried by the mRNA, whereby particular tRNAs bring amino acids to be bound together in the proper sequence to make a protein

A

Translation

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15
Q

The base sequence of the mRNA molecule is read in groups of 3 bases called?

A

Codons

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16
Q

What is the study of the vital life processes of organisms?

A

Physiology

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17
Q

Concerns the vital life processes of microorganisms

A

Microbial physiology

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18
Q

What are the 6 major chemical elements?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur
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19
Q

What is the term used for materials that organisms are unable to synthesize, but are required for building macromolecules and sustaining life

A

Essential nutrients

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20
Q

What uses light as an energy source?

A

Phototrophs

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21
Q

Use either inorganic or organic chemicals as an energy source

A

Chemotrophs

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22
Q

Use inorganic chemicals as an energy source

A

Chemolithotrophs

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23
Q

Use organic chemicals as an energy source

A

Chemoorganotrophs

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24
Q

Use carbon dioxide (CO2) as their sole source of carbon

A

Autotrophs

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25
Use organic compounds other than CO2 as carbon sources
Heterotrophs
26
Use light as a carbon source and CO2 as an energy source
Photoautotrophs
27
Use chemicals as a carbon source and CO2 as an energy source
Chemoautotrophs
28
Use chemicals as a carbon source and other compounds other than CO2 as an energy source
Chemoheterotrophs
29
What is the study of the interactions between living organisms and the world around them?
Ecology
30
It refers to the interactions between living organisms and their nonliving environment
Ecosystem
31
What do you call the chemical reactions (a.k.a. metabolic reactions) that occur in a cell?
Metabolism
32
Metabolic reactions are enhanced and regulated by enzymes known as?
Metabolic enzymes
33
Enzymes are ________ when they are proteins that either cause a particular chemical reaction to occur or accelerate it.
Biologic catalysts
34
What are enzymes produced within a cell that remains within the cell to catalyze reactions?
Endoenzymes
35
Are produced within a cell and then released outside of the cell to catalyze extracellular reactions
Exoenzymes
36
Any molecule that is a nutrient, an intermediary product, or an end product in a metabolic reaction
Metabolite
37
Involve the **breaking down of larger molecules into smaller ones** to release energy
Catabolism
38
Involve the **Asembly of smaller molecules into larger molecules**, requiring the formation of bonds which represent stored energy
Anabolism
39
What are the **major energy-storing or energy-carrying molecules in a cell**?
ATP molecules
40
When ATP is used as an energy source, it is hydrolyzed to?
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
41
ADP can be used as an energy source by hydrolysis to?
Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
42
Catabolism of glucose by aerobic respiration occurs in 3 phases which are?
- Glycolysis (Anaerobic) - Kreb's cycle (Aerobic) - The electron transport chain (Aerobic)
43
What do you call the 9-step biochemical pathway where each step requires a specific enzyme?
Glycolysis
44
What is also known as the citric acid cycle, or a biochemical pathway consisting of **8 separate reactions**, each controlled by a different enzymes
The Kreb's Cycle
45
What is also referred to as the electron transport system and **the series of oxidation-reduction reactions** whereby energy is released as electrons which are transferred from one compound to another?
Electron transport chain
46
Do fermentation reactions involve oxygen?
No
47
What reactions are paired reactions in which electrons are transferred from one compound to another?
Oxidation-reduction reactions
48
What occurs whenever **an atom, ion, or molecule loses one or more electrons** in a reaction?
Oxidation
49
What do you call **the gain of one or more electrons** by a molecule?
Reduction
50
What do you call the study of heredity?
Genetics
51
An organism's _________ is its **complete collection of genes**.
Genotype
52
An organism's __________ refers to its **physical traits**.
Phenotype
53
What do you call **a change in a DNA molecule** that is transmissible to offspring?
Mutation
54
55
What are the 3 categories of mutations?
- Beneficial - Harmful - Silent
56
Mutation rate can be increased by exposing cells to physical or chemical agents called what?
Mutagens
57
What do you call the organism that contains the mutation?
Mutant
58
What do you call an extrachromosomal DNA molecule?
Plasmid
59
What do you call a plasmid that can either exist by itself or can integrate into chromosomes?
Episome
60
What phage injects their DNA into a bacterial cell?
Temperate phages
61
What is the **phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome, but does not cause the lytic cycle to occur**?
Lysogeny
62
What is the bacterial cell that contains the prophage?
Lysogenic cell
63
What do you call the process when the bacterial cell exhibits new properties, directed by the viral genes?
Lysogenic Conversion
64
What do you call the process where the bacterial genetic material is **"carried across"** from one bacterial cell to another by a bacterial virus thus bacteria acquire new bacterial genes
Transduction
65
What do you call the process where a **bacterial cell becomes genetically transformed** following the uptake of DNA fragments ("naked DNA") from its environment?
Transformation
66
What do you call the ability to absorb naked DNA into the cell?
Competence
67
What do you call the bacteria capable of absorbing naked DNA?
Competent bacteria
68
Conjugation involves a specialized type of pilus called a?
Sex pilus
69
What do you call the process where a bacterial cell with a sex pilus attaches by means of the sex pilus to another bacterial cell?
Conjugation
70
What is a plasmid that contains multiple genes for antibiotic resistance?
Resistance factor or R-factor
71
It involves **techniques to transfer eukaryotic genes into easily cultured cells** to manufacture important gene products.
Genetic Engineering/ Recombinant DNA technology
72
What are frequently used as vehicles for inserting genes into cells?
Plasmids
73
This involves the **insertion of a normal gene into cells to correct a specific genetic disorder** caused by a defective gene.
Gene Therapy
74
What is the most common method for inserting genes into cells?
Viral Delivery
75
True or False: Genes may someday be regularly prescribed as "drugs in treatment of diseases
True

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