CHAP 1 & 2

Question 1

What is the study of living organisms

Answer 1

Biology

Question 2

What is the study of microbes, which are extremely small (microscopic) living organisms and certain non-living entities

Answer 2

Microbiology

Question 3

Living microbes are known as cellular microbes or?

Answer 3

Microorganisms

Question 4

Non-living microbes or infectious particles are known as?

Answer 4

Acellular microbes

Question 5

Acellular particles include?

Answer 5

• Prions
• Viruses

Question 6

What are organisms composed of cells that lack a true nucleus, such as archaea and bacteria

Answer 6

Prokaryotes

Question 7

What do you call the term where the microbes are found virtually everywhere?

Answer 7

Ubiquitous

Question 8

What do you sometimes refer microbes that causes diseases?

Answer 8

Germs

Question 9

What is the scientific term for disease-causing microbes?

Answer 9

Pathogens

Question 10

What do you call microbes that do not cause diseases?

Answer 10

Nonpathogens

Question 11

What do you call microbes that live on and in our bodies?

Answer 11

Indigenous microflora

Question 12

What are microbes that can cause disease but usually don’t, and can be thought of as microbes that are awaiting opportunity to cause disease?

Answer 12

Opportunistic Pathogens

Question 13

True or False:
Microorganisms are involved in the decomposition of dead organisms and waste products

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Are organisms that live on dead and/or decaying organic matter

Answer 14

Saprophytes

Question 15

For many years, microorganisms have been used as __________, the more that scientists learned about microbial cells, the more they learned about cells in general

Answer 15

Cell Models

Question 16

What do you call the process where the gene/genes from one organism is/are inserted into a bacterial or yeast cell; the cell that receives the new gene(s) is then capable of producing the gene product(s) coded for by the new gene(s)

Answer 16

Genetic Engineering

Question 17

What do you call the use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes

Answer 17

Biotechnology

Question 18

Fossils of primitive microorganisms date back about how many years ago?

Answer 18

3.5 billion years ago

Question 19

What are the candidates for the first microorganisms on Earth?

Answer 19

Archaea and Cyanobacteria

Question 20

What is the earliest known account of pestilence occurred in Egypt?

Answer 20

3180 BC

Question 21

In 1122 BC, an outbreak of small pox-like disease in _______, mummified remains of Rameses V. showed skin lesion resembling smallpox.

Answer 21

China

Question 22

Who is the Father of Microbiology?

Answer 22

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 23

Who observed “animalcules” (bacteria and protozoa)

Answer 23

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 24

Who is the first to use the term “cell”, and observed the small empty chambers in the structure of cork

Answer 24

Robert Hooke

Question 25

- French chemist who made **numerous contributions to microbiology** - He investigated different **fermentation products** - He developed the **pasteurization process** - Discovered **life forms that could exist without oxygen** (anaerobes) - **Developed** several vaccines, including **rabies and anthrax vaccines**

Answer 25

Louis Pasteur

Question 26

- German physician who **made numerous contributions to microbiology** - Made significant contributions to the germ theory of disease - Discovered that **Bacillus Anthracis produced spores** - Developed methods of fixing and staining bacteria - Developed **methods to cultivate bacteria**

Answer 26

Robert Koch

Question 27

Number them according to order: __ The same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture. __ A particular microbe must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans. __ The same disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals. __ The microbe must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory.

Answer 27

**4.** The same microbe must be recovered from the experimentally infected animals and grown again in pure culture. **1.** A particular microbe must be found in all cases of the disease and must not be present in healthy animals or humans. **3.** The same disease must be produced when microbes from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy susceptible laboratory animals. **2** The microbe must be isolated from the diseased animal or human and grown in pure culture in the laboratory.

Question 28

Who discovered the **vaccine for small pox**

Answer 28

Edward Jener

Question 29

Who discovered the theory to medical procedures paving the way for the **development of aseptic surgery**

Answer 29

Joseph Lister

Question 30

Who discovered **Salvarsan for treatment of syphilis**.

Answer 30

Paul Erlich

Question 31

This drug heralded the **"magic bullet"** of chemotherapy, which is treatment of disease by using chemical substances.

Answer 31

Salvarsan

Question 32

Who discovered the antibiotics penicillin from the mold **"Penicillium Notatum"**

Answer 32

Alexander Flemming

Question 33

Involves the study of pathogens, the disease they cause and the body's defenses against disease

Answer 33

Medical Microbiology

Question 34

What are used to express the sizes of microbes?

Answer 34

Metric Units

Question 35

The sizes of **bacteria and protozoa** are usually expressed in the terms of?

Answer 35

Micrometers

Question 36

The sizes of **viruses** are expressed in terms of?

Answer 36

Nanometers (nm)

Question 37

When using a microscope, the sizes of microorganisms are measured using a?

Answer 37

Ocular micrometer

Question 38

An optical instrument that is used to observe tiny objects that can not be see with the naked eye

Answer 38

Microscope

Question 39

A microscope that contains only one magnifying lens

Answer 39

Simple microscopes

Question 40

A microscope that contains more than one magnifying lens

Answer 40

Compound microscope

Question 41

Because visible light is the source of illumination, a compound microscope is also referred to as a?

Answer 41

Compound light microscope

Question 42

If the condenser is replaced with a __________, illuminated objects are seen against a dark background or "dark field"; the microscope is now called a darkfield microscope.

Answer 42

Darkfield condenser

Question 43

What are other types of compound microscopes include?

Answer 43

- Phase contrast microscopes - Fluorescence microscopes

Question 44

What is the bacterium that causes syphilis

Answer 44

Treponema Pallidum

Question 45

What is used to observe unstained living microorganisms

Answer 45

Phase Contrast and Fluorescent Microscopes

Question 46

Similar to the phase-contrast microscope except that it utilizes two beans of light instead of one and therefore has higher resolution

Answer 46

Differential Interference Contrast Microscope (Nomarski)

Question 47

Contains a built-in ultraviolet (UV) light source and fluorescent dyes called **fluorochromes**

Answer 47

Fluorescent microscope

Question 48

Uses an **optical imaging technique that increases optical resolution** and contrast of the micrograph by using a pin-hole to block out of focus light in image formation.

Answer 48

Confocal Microscope

Question 49

Enables us to **see extremely small microbes** such as rabies and smallpox viruses

Answer 49

Electron Microscope

Question 50

An **electric beam** is used as the source of illumination and magnets are used to focus the beam

Answer 50

Electron Microscope

Question 51

What are the 2 types of electron microscopes?

Answer 51

- Transmission - Scanning

Question 52

- Relies on the interactions at the surface rather than transmission. - Uses electron beams to visualize surfaces; useful to observe the three-dimensional surface details of specimens

Answer 52

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Question 53

Uses electron beams that pass through a specimen to visualize small images; useful to observe small, thin specimens such as tissue sections and subcellular structures

Answer 53

Transmission Electron Microscope