CHAP 12-14 Flashcards
What is the study of the occurrence, determinants, and distribution of health and disease within health care settings?
Health care epidemiology
Approximately what percent of HAIs involve drug-resistant bacteria?
70%
The five most common types of HAIs, in what order of frequency are these?
- Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea
- Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
- Surgical site infections (also referred to as postsurgical wound infections)
- Lower respiratory tract infections (primarily pneumonia)
- Bloodstream infections (septicemia)
Descending
The most important and most basic technique in preventing and controlling infections and preventing the transmission of pathogens is?
Handwashing
What is the numerous measures taken to prevent infections from occurring in health care settings?
Infection control
means “without infection”
Asepsis
What are the 2 types of asepsis?
-Medical
-Surgical
TRUE/FALSE
Surgical asepsis is a clean technique, whereas medical asepsis is a sterile technique.
FALSE
(Medical = clean)
(Surgical = sterile)
What are to be applied to the care of ALL patients in ALL health care settings, regardless of the suspected or confirmed presence of an infectious agent?
Standard Precautions
What are the three types of Transmission-Based Precautions?
- Contact Precautions
- Droplet Precautions
-Airborne Precautions
What can be removed from precautions once asymptomatic for
two days?
Norovirus
What are nonliving, inanimate objects, other than food, that may harbor and transmit microbes?
Fomites
What standard should be followed for disposal of medical wastes?
OSHA standards
Who is usually an infection control professional such as an epidemiologist or infectious disease specialist, an infection control nurse, or a microbiologist?
chairperson
Specimens collected from patients, such as blood, urine, feces, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), are known as?
Clinical specimens
What are the three components of specimen quality?
- Proper specimen selection
- Proper specimen collection
- Proper transport
What stage of the disease is the most appropriate time to collect a specimen?
Acute stage
The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream is known as?
Bacteremia
It is a serious disease characterized by chills, fever, prostration, and the presence of bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream.
Septicemia
What is normally sterile in the bladder, but becomes contaminated by indigenous microbiota of the distal urethra during voiding?
Urine
What is a way of estimating the number of viable bacteria that are present in a urine specimen?
Colony count
What is used to inoculate the entire surface of a blood agar plate?
calibrated loop,
(either 0.01 or 0.001 mL)
What is the inflammation or infection of the membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord?
Meningitis
What is the inflammation or infection of the brain?
Encephalitis
What is the inflammation or infection of both the brain and the meninges?
Meningoencephalitis
What is collected by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) into a sterile tube; this is a surgically aseptic procedure performed by a physician?
CSF
It is a pus that accumulates deep within the lungs of a patient with pneumonia, tuberculosis, or other lower respiratory tract infection
Sputum
Specimens labeled “sputum” are actually just what?
Saliva
The pathology department is divided into two major divisions which are?
– Anatomical Pathology
– Clinical Pathology
Diseased organs,stained tissue sections,and cytology specimens are examined here
Anatomical Pathology
Gene mutations associated with birth defects and cancer are often identified by sequencing or molecular probe techniques. These laboratories are most often in what department?
Pathology Department
Personnel include pathologists, chemists and microbiologists, medical laboratory scientists (also known as medical technologists—MTs), and medical laboratory technicians (MLTs).
Clinical Pathology
TRUE/FALSE
The primary mission of the CML is to assist clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
TRUE
What prefix refers to disease?
“Path”
It means the ability to cause
disease
Pathogenicity
What refers to the steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease?
Pathogenesis
It is a disease caused by a microbe, and the microbes that cause infectious diseases are collectively referred to as pathogens
Infectious disease
It is commonly used as a synonym for infectious disease
Infection
What term is sometimes used as a synonym for pathogenic?
virulent
What is sometimes used to express the measure or degree of pathogenicity?
Virulence
What are considered to be virulence factors because they enable pathogens to recognize and bind to particular host cell receptors?
Adhesins
What are considered to be virulence factors because they enable bacteria to attach to surfaces, such as tissues within the human body?
Pili
What are poisonous substances released by various pathogens?
Toxins
