Chap-7 Flashcards
Modal model of memory?
Sensory memory
* large capacity
* same modality
* very fast decay
STM
* limited capacity
* maintenance rehearsal
* seconds decay
LTM
* unlimited capacity
* semantic coding
* modest decay, can retrieve info
What is Long Term Memory?
ong term memory (LTM) = vast library of lasting memories, still not sure the extent of the capacity.
o rehearsal is part of encoding (STM à LTM)
o some theories suggest unlimited capacity, unlimited duration
Serial Position Curve?
Primacy Effect : recall advantage of first items Recency Effect: recall advantage of last items.
Ø Both are related to STM memory and LTM memory.
Ø Primary words tend to go to LTM by rehearsal and the last words are in the STM.
when the primacy and recency effect is the most effective?
Primacy Effect = better memory for first few items
o always happens;
o due to rehearsal -> LTM
* Recency Effect = better memory for last few items
o only happens if tested immediately
o due to limited duration of STM (i.e. seconds delay)
LTM Processes?
Encoding (input): translating info into neural code that our brain can understand; can be visual, phonological, semantic
Storage (storage): retaining info over some period of time
Retrieval (output): pulling info out of storage
types of rehearsal?
- Maintenance Rehearsal = repeat something over and over; typically used for maintaining information in STM
o not very effective for transfer to LTM- Elaborative Rehearsal = elaborate on info or relate it to something known; focuses on meaning of material.
a. Comparing in our mind can help us to conceptualize the info better.
o much more effective for transferring to LTM
- Elaborative Rehearsal = elaborate on info or relate it to something known; focuses on meaning of material.
How do we maximize the probability that things will be better remembered?
Spacing Effect
Level of Processing
Impact of Schemas
Other Strategies
Spacing Effect?
- Encoding Phase
o some facts on each lesson were quizzed three times throughout each chapter (distributed), while other facts were not quizzed (single) - Testing Phase
o memory recall was assessed on tests at i) end of chapters, ii) end of the semester, and iii) end of the year - Results: distributed testing improved memory retrieval. Repetitive questions that were tested again and again improved memory performance.
Benefit of distributed/spaced encoding on memory retrieval
?
o maximizing the number of distinct, separate memory of items results in better recall of those items.
o longer intervals between each encoding/studying phase are linked to better memory performance at recall.
- How do we maximize the probability that things will be better remembered?
Three Perspectives on Levels of Processing
1. Depths of Processing
2. Transfer Appropriate
Processing
Encoding
Specificity
- Depth of Processing?
- Craik & Lockhart’s theory: deeper processing is better encoding
- Shallow Processing = focus more on physical features; involves little
attention to meaning
o happens somewhat automatically
o ~ maintenance rehearsal (mere repetition) - Deep Processing = focus more on meaning; relate it to something else that you know; requires conscious effort
o requires conscious effort
o ~ elaborative rehearsal (semantic processing)
The deeper processing we engage, the better the performance get.
- Craik & Tulving’s task (1975)?
Three groups of subjects given list of words; each group asked to answer a different question about each word on list
o G1 – Is the word written in uppercase or lowercase letters? Shallow processing
o G2 – does the word rhyme with ______ ? Still shallow but a bit deeper than G1
o G3 – given a new fill-in-the-blank sentence for each word, and asked if the word would make sense in that sentence. Deep processing.
* Then, all were given a surprise recall task.
- Results: deeper processing during encoding leads to better recall.
Ø The deeper processing the better the performance
Transfer Appropriate Processing?
Ho: If testing requires analysis of information the same way it was encoded, we can recall better.
Ø If testing only depending of the match
Ø Depth processing: semantic information is the most
Ø Transfer appropriate:
- Encoding phase?
read 60 sentences (30 normal font, 30 inverted font)
* Testing phase (7 days later): read 120 sentences (60 old, 60 new)
- Results: conditions that led to the best memory recall performance were ones that showed the same font at encoding and testing phases.
Ø It is the conditions that the processing between the coding and testing was the same resulted to the best memory performance.
- Tulving’s Encoding Specificity Theory?
match between the cue used at encoding and testing enhances memory performance
- Task: participants read pairs of words, and asked to remember the capitalized words at Testing Phase
- Results: the greater overlap between cues at encoding and test phases, the better the memory performance
Encoding: (eg) strawberry – JAM
Testing:
* strawberry – JAM 73% recognized
* raspberry – JAM 43% recognized
* traffic – JAM 29% recognized
Ø Strawberry give the overlap between the context of the coding and the testing the greater the performance.
- Mood-Dependent Memory (aka Mood-Congruent Memory)?
more likely to remember the information if being encoded in a certain mood, the retrieval of the information is better if it be recalled in the same mood.
* Task
* 1. Induced in positive or negative mood.
* 2. Participants generated an autobiographical memory.
* 3. Induced in same, different, or neutral mood.
* 4. Participants asked to recall previously generated events.
