Chap-3 Perception

Question 1

perception?

Answer 1

a experience resulting form stimulation of the sense

Question 2

inverse projection problem

Answer 2

determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina (start with retinal image and extension of the rays out of the eye.
- the image on the retina could be made by multiple objects and it’s based on the perception to what to make of the object. The image in retina (different object can produce the same image in retina and based on our top-down/ bottom-up processing we can decide what the object is).

Question 3

viewpoint invariance?

Answer 3

people’s ability to recognize any object even when it is see from different viewpoint.

Question 4

what are the two types of information used by human perceptual system?

Answer 4

1. environmental energy stimulating the receptors.
2. knowledge and expectation that the observer brings to the situation.

Question 5

bottom-up processing?

Answer 5

1. creation of image in retina
2. generation of electrical signals and getting transmitted through the retina to the visual receiving area of the brain.

Question 6

top-down processing?

Answer 6

processing that originates in the brain, at the top of the perceptual system. (environmental knowledge).

Question 7

the multiple personalities of the bolb?

Answer 7

what we expect to see in different contexts influences our interpretation of the identity of the bolb.

Question 8

what was the findings of Helmholtz about perception?

Answer 8

that the image formed in retina is ambiguous?

Question 9

what is ambiguity concept in perception (Helmholtz)?

Answer 9

a particular pattern of stimulation in the retina can be caused by a large number of objects in the environment.

Question 10

likelihood principle Helmholtz?

Answer 10

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Question 11

unconscious inference?

Answer 11

our perceptions are based on unconscious assumptions, or inference, that we make about the environment, thus, we infer that it is likely.

Question 12

how does the perceptual system decide that this patten on the retina was created by overlapping rectangles?

Answer 12

the likelihood principle by the process of unconscious inference.

Question 13

apparent movement/ Phi Phenomenon?

Answer 13

perceiving an object as moving, while it is not.

Question 14

name the three components of the apparent movement?

Answer 14

1- one light flashes on and off
2- there is a period of darkness, lasting a fraction of a second
3- the second light flashes on and off

Question 15

what was the two conclusion that Wertheimer took from apparent movement? Phi Phenomenon

Answer 15

1- apparent movement can’t be explained by sensation because there is nothing in the dark space between the flashing lights.
2- the whole is different than the sim of its parts. (basic principles of Gestalt psychology.

Question 16

The principle of good continuation?

Answer 16

points that when connected results in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. Also, objects that are overlapping by other perceived as continuing behind the overlapping object.

Question 17

The law of Pragnanz or Principle of good figure/ simplicity?

Answer 17

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

Question 18

the principle of similarity?

Answer 18

similar things appear to be grouped together.

Question 19

what is the Gestalt psychologist’s believe about perception?

Answer 19

that perception is determined by specific organizing principles that experience has a minor influence on it.

Question 20

regularities in the environment?

Answer 20

the frequently occurring characteristics in environment has two types. Physical regularities and semantic regularities.

Question 21

Physical regularities?

Answer 21

regularly occurring physical properties of the environment.

Question 22

oblique effect?

Answer 22

coincidence ability to perceive horizontal and vertical more easily than other orientation

Question 23

light from above assumption?

Answer 23

we perceive as light comes from above.

Question 24

semantic regularities?

Answer 24

characteristics associated with the functions carried out in different types of scenes/ actions.

Question 25

scene schema?

Answer 25

our visualization contain information based on our knowledge of different kinds of scenes.

Question 26

Bayesian Inference?

Answer 26

our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by two factors.
1. prior probability.
2. likelihood of the outcome.

Question 27

prior probability/ prior?

Answer 27

our initial belief about the probability of an outcome.

Question 28

likelihood of the outcome Bayesian?

Answer 28

the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with he outcome.

Question 29

what are the factors that can shape perception?

Answer 29

1. evolution
2. experience-dependent plasticity’s effect on response properties of neurons.

Question 30

how many types of processing stream exist in the brain?

Answer 30

1. perceiving objects.
2. locating and taking action towards these objects.

Question 31

name the physiological research methods to study how the functioning brain works?

Answer 31

1. brain ablation: the study of the effect of removing parts of the brain in animals
2. neuropsychology: the study of the behavior of people with brain damage.

Question 32

brain ablation/ lesioning?

Answer 32

removing parts of the brain.

Question 33

object discrimination problem?

Answer 33

task: remember the object’s shape and chose it when presented among other objects after some delay. (What pathway, temporal lobe)

Question 34

landmark discrimination problem?

Answer 34

Task: remember the object’s location and chose it after some delay. (where pathway).

Question 35

where is the what/ventral/perception pathway located?

Answer 35

from Striate cortex (primary visual cortex, occipital lobe) to temporal lobe

Question 36

location of the where/dorsal/action/how pathway?

Answer 36

from striate cortex to parietal lobe.

Question 37

mirror neurons?

Answer 37

neurons that respond to the experience done by someone else while the monkey was watching was the same when the monkey performed the same action.

Question 38

mirror neuron system?

Answer 38

network of mirror neurons all over the brain.

Question 39

what is the function of mirror neurons?

Answer 39

mirror neurons firing is based on the sequence of the actions that are most likely to follow the action/ depends on the knowledge about the situation.

Question 40

size-weight illusion?

Answer 40

When presented by the two objects of the same weight but different sizes. we perceive the larger object to be heavier.
- perception and the actions associated with perception is guided by prediction.

Question 41

Optic Chiasm?

Answer 41

the first point of the brain’s entry and connects the transfer the info to the both hemispheres.

Question 42

blind site phenomenon?

Answer 42

if V1 visual system is damaged, can processed the existence of the object but can’t identify it.

Question 43

What is the difference between Mackey late selection, Broadbent’s early selection and Triesman’s attenuation mode.
?

Answer 43

Mackey: even unattended (unheard) word can impact the perception. Broadbent: unattended information is completely blocked in the perception process. Triesman: attenuator analysis the information based on the meaning and then filter it through. (filtering is still in the early stage but only the meaningful will be passed through).

Question 44

In what situation does parallel and hierarchical processing is used?

Answer 44

Combining from multiple neurons and inputs to determine the object from simple to complex (lower to higher areas of the brain) V1- V5. (hierarchical). Paralleled processing is processing the stimuli al at the same time. We always doing the both of the system.