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Psych 365 B > Chap-4 Attention > Flashcards

Chap-4 Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

attention?

A

the ability to focus on specific stimuli or location.

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2
Q

selective attention?

A

attending to one thing while ignoring others.

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3
Q

distraction?

A

one stimulus interfering with the processing of another stimulus.

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4
Q

divided attention?

A

paying attention to more than one thing at a time.

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5
Q

attentional capture?

A

rapid shifting of attention caused by a stimulus. ex: sudden movement or noise.

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6
Q

visual scanning?

A

movement of eye from one location or object to another.

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7
Q

Broadbent’s filter Model of attention/ early selection model?

A

a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli

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8
Q

dichotic listening?

A

presenting different stimuli to the left and right ears.

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9
Q

shadowing?

A

repeating the word as they are heard.

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10
Q

cocktail party effect?

A

ability to focus on one stimuli while filtering out other stimuli.

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11
Q

Donald Broadbent’s model of attention?

A

information pass through the following stages.
1. Sensory memory: holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second then transfer all of it to the filter.
2. The filter
3. the detector
4. short-term memory.

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12
Q

how does the filter works in attention model?

A

message is being attended to based on its physical characteristics. ex: tone of voice. pitch and lets only the attended message to pass through to the detector

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13
Q

how does the detector functions in the attention model?

A

the information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning. (all the information is processed)

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14
Q

Treisman Attenuation model/ Leaky filter of attention?

A

Anne Treisman’s model of selective attention that proposes that selection occurs in two stages.
1- an attenuator analyzes the incoming message and lets through the attended message and also the unattended message, but at a lower (attenuated) strength.

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15
Q

attenuator?

A

attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning. attended messages pass through the attenuator at full strength and unattended messages pass through with reduced strength.

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16
Q

dictionary unit?

A

a component of Treismans attenuation model of attention. This processing unit contains stored words and thresholds for activating the words. the dictionary unit helps explain why we can sometimes hear a familiar word in unattended message.

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17
Q

what is a threshold?

A

the smallest signal strength that can barely be detected.

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18
Q

Mackey late selection model of attention?

A

most of the incoming information is processed in the level of meaning before the message to be further processed is selected.

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19
Q

processing capacity and perceptual load?

A
  • processing capacity: the amount of information people can handle and their capacity to process incoming information.
  • perceptual load: level of task’s difficulty.
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20
Q

low-load task?

A

task with low perceptual load, use small amount of processing capacity. ex: well practices tasks. involved automatic processing.

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21
Q

high-load task?

A

difficult tasks that use more perceptual capacity. involved control processing.

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22
Q

load theory of attention?

A

the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High-load tasks result in less distraction.

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23
Q

stroop effect?

A

responding to one aspect of the stimulus while ignoring the other aspect (very difficult).

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24
Q

fixation?

A

brief pause on one face.

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25
Q

saccadic eye movement?

A

a rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to another.

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26
Q

overt attention?

A

shifting attention from one place to another by moving the eye.

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27
Q

stimulus salience?

A

the physical property of the stimulus.

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28
Q

saliency map?

A

map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene.

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29
Q

covert attention?

A

shifting attention without eye movement (corner of the eye).

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30
Q

precueing?

A

a procedure in which participants are given a cue that will usually help them carry out a subsequent task. this procedure has been used in visual attention experiments in which participants are presented with a cue that tells them where to direct their attention.

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31
Q

same object advantage?

A

occurs when the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object so that attention to one place on an object results in a facilitation of processing at other place on the object.

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32
Q

attention affects perception?

A

James: taking possession by the mind in clear and vivid form; attended objects are perceived as bigger, brighter and more bold.

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33
Q

attention affects physiological responding?

A

attention to locations increases activity in specific areas of the brain, and experimenters could identify the secret location where the participant where attended based on the “yellow hot spot” location in the brain.

34
Q

attentional warping?

A

occurs when the map of categories in the brain changes to make more space for categories that are being searched for as a person attends to a scene.

35
Q

automatic processing?

A

type of processing that occurs without intention at the cost of some cognitive resources of the person.

36
Q

experience sampling method?

A

answer to the questions, “what percentage of the time during the day are people engaged in a specific behavior? on way this has been achieved is by having people report what they are doing when they receive signals at ransom signals at random times during the day.

37
Q

continuous partial attention?

A

constant switching from one activity to another.

38
Q

mind wondering/ daydreaming?

A

attention away from the task-at-hand towards inner thoughts (stimulus- independent)

39
Q

mindless/ zoned out reading?

A

mind wondering during reading.

40
Q

Default Mode Network? DMN associated with mind wondering

A

area of the brain that gets activated when not engage in any activity.
o mind wandering
o self-referential thoughts
o theory of mind (thinking about mental state of others)
o autobiographical memory retrieval
o future planning

41
Q

inattentional blindness ?

A

people are unaware of clearly visible stimuli if they aren’t directing their attention to them.

42
Q

inattentional deafness?

A

focusing in a difficult visual stimuli task results in impairment hearing.

43
Q

change detection?

A

detecting changes from one pic or scene as presented after one another.

44
Q

change blindness?

A

difficulty in detecting changes in a scene.

45
Q

continuity error?

A

changes in a movie that occurs from one scene to another and doesn’t match.

46
Q

binding problem?

A

the question of how an object’s individual features become bound together.

46
Q

binding?

A

the process by which the features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

47
Q

Feature integration theory by Anne Treisman?

A

a sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object.

48
Q

preattentive stage

A

objects in analyzed into its features. happens before we focus attention on an object is automatic.

49
Q

focus attention state?

A

attention is focused on an object and the independent features are combined, causing the observer to become consciously aware of the rolling red ball.

50
Q

steps in Treisman’s feature integrated theory?

A

object -> preattentive state (analyze into features) -> focused attention stage (combine feature) -> perception.

51
Q

illusionary conjunction?

A

combination of features from different stimuli.

52
Q

Balint’s syndrome?

A

inability to focus attention on an individual object.

53
Q

conjunction/ serial search?

A

finding an object by combining multiple features in the same stimuli

54
Q

feature/ parallel search?

A

ability to find the object by looking at one aspect of its feature.

55
Q

name the networks involved in salience and top-down processes?

A

ventral attention network and dorsal attention netwrok.

56
Q

ventral attention network?

A

control attention based on salience

57
Q

dorsal attention network?

A

control attention based on top-down processing.

58
Q

effective connectivity?

A

how easily an activity can travel down along a particular pathway.

59
Q

synchronization?

A

happens when neural responses become synchronized in tie, so positive and negative responses occur at the same time and with similar amplitudes. it is a mechanism responsible for enhancing effective connectivity and enhanced communication between two areas that accompany shifts of attention.

60
Q

local field potential LFP?

A

recording signals from thousands of neurons near the electrode.

61
Q

executive attention network?

A

Frontal lobe while focusing attention.

62
Q

cognitive control/ inhibitory control/ willpower?

A

dealing with conflict in everyday life.

63
Q

executive function model of attention?

A

number of process that involve controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses.
o predicts that mind wandering would lead to disruption in external processes
o similar to notion of limited attentional capacity in divided attention.

64
Q

endogenous attention?

A

conscious & willful decision to selectively attend to (or scan for) specific aspect of environment.
* requires intentional effort
* requires conscious awareness
AKA voluntary /controlled attention

65
Q

exogenous attention?

A

automatic tendency of our attention to get drawn to “eye-catching” stimuli. Ex: eye-catching color or shape object.
* requires little or no intention/effort
* generally outside of consc. Awareness
* AKA reflexive / automatic attention

66
Q

Deutsch’s model of attention?

A

Ø filtering occurs after some perceptual and conceptual analysis, allowing one to recognize information entering unattended ear.
input -> sensory register -> perceptual processes -> selective filter -> STM

67
Q

visual search task?

A

find a target item in a visual display with many distracting items.
Try to control the stimuli to the level possible.
o requires selective attention (i.e. ignore all distractors, focus on finding target)

68
Q

which factors affect our ability to selectively attend?

A

isolated vs combined feature.
* Isolated feature: the only one feature to detect the targeted stimuli
* Combined feature: having multiple feature to detect the target.
- Finding an object with the present condition is easier rather than finding an absent feature.

69
Q

cognitive load?

A

anticipated amount of ”cognitive resources” required to perform a task

70
Q

switch cost?

A

performance being worse for a period of time immediately after a switch

71
Q
  • How does mind wandering contrast with external attention?
A
  1. external attention: stimulus-dependent, task-related (e.g. selective attention)
    1. mind wandering stimulus-independent, task-unrelated
      Ø Attention is focusing in the outside world and mostly task related.
72
Q

types of mind wandering?

A
  1. aware vs not aware
  2. intentional vs unintentional
  3. freely moving vs constrained
73
Q

freely moving vs constrained mind wandering?

A
  • freely moving = attention freely moves from one topic to another
  • constrained = attention is constrained on one particular topic, unrelated to one another.
74
Q

thought sampling?

A
  • (to determine how often mind wondering happens the feeling and thoughts).
  • Pros/Cons
    o Pros = direct measure, in the moment (accurate memory)
    o Cons = subjective, demand characteristics, can’t be accurate always.
    `
75
Q

cost of mind wandering (behavior)?

A
  • Behavioral Measures (in lab)
    o motor task performance worsens (i.e. increased error rates) during mind wandering
76
Q

cost of mind wandering EEG?

A
    • Distractibility H0
    • Executive Control H0:
    • Decoupling H0 (based on Executive Function Model):
77
Q

What is the underlying mechanism through which mind wandering emerges?

A
  • Distractibility H0
    o high MW group would show enhanced frontal P3a response to distractor stimuli (frontal lobe).
  • Executive Control H0:
    o high MW group would show reduced parietal P3b response to task-relevant target stimuli (parietal lobe).
  • Decoupling H0:
    o high MW group would show reduced frontal P3a to distractors and reduced parietal P3b response to targets.
78
Q

Distractibility H0?

A

o Due to general failure to cope with distraction, task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs) are associated with enhanced response to distractor stimuli .
Only irrelevant things gets disrupted

79
Q

Executive Control H0 ?

A

o Due to failure in executive control, TUTs involve specific impairment in processing task-relevant events.
Only task relevant things get disrupted

80
Q

Decoupling H0 (Based on executive function model)?

A

o Due decoupling from perceptual information in environment, TUTs suppress response to external events regardless of their task-relevance.
Everything gets disrupted

81
Q

what was the result of the test of Mind wondering cost in EEG?

A
  • Results: high MW group showed smaller frontal P3a amplitude than low MW group
    o frontal P3a elicited by novel distractors target
  • Results: high-MW group showed smaller parietal P3b amplitude than low-MW group
    o parietal P3b elicited by targets

Psych 365 B (9 decks)

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