chap 6 LTM

Question 1

serial position curve?

Answer 1

Ø Both are related to STM memory and LTM memory.
Ø Primary words tend to go to LTM by rehearsal and the last words are in the STM.

Question 2

primacy vs recency effect?

Answer 2

Primacy Effect : recall advantage of first items (LTM) Recency Effect: recall advantage of last items. (STM, only if asked immediately). 30 sec of delay eliminates recency effect.

Question 3

proactive interference?

Answer 3

previously learned info interferes with learning new info

Question 4

release from proactive interference?

Answer 4

a condition that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference.

Question 5

recognition memory?

Answer 5

recognition of the stimuli that we encounter earlier.

Question 6

mental time travel/ self-knowing or remembering?

Answer 6

the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with the past events.

Question 7

LTM processes?

Answer 7

Encoding (input): translating info into neural code that our brain can understand; can be visual, phonological, semantic
Storage (storage): retaining info over some period of time
Retrieval (output): pulling info out of storage

Question 8

Encoding and Rehearsal to transfer info from STM to LTM?

Answer 8

1. maintenance rehearsal
2. elaborative rehearsal

Question 9

maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 9

repeat something over and over; typically used for maintaining information in STM
o not very effective for transfer to LTM

Question 10

elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 10

elaborate on info or relate it to something known; focuses on meaning of material.
a. Comparing in our mind can help us to conceptualize the info better.
o much more effective for transferring to LTM

Question 11

interaction between episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 11

1. knowledge affects experience
2. autobiographical memory.

Question 12

autobiographical memory?

Answer 12

memory of specific experience of life that includes episodic and semantic components.

Question 13

personal semantic memory?

Answer 13

the semantic components of the personal experiences.

Question 14

semanticization of remote memories?

Answer 14

loss of episodic detail for memories for long-ago events.

Question 15

constructive episodic simulation hypothesis?

Answer 15

episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.

Question 16

explicit memory?

Answer 16

memories that we are aware of.

Question 17

implicit memory?

Answer 17

unaware memories.

Question 18

expert-induced amnesia?

Answer 18

amnesia due to well-learned skills do not require attention.

Question 19

repetition priming?

Answer 19

when the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus

Question 20

propaganda effect?

Answer 20

participants are more likely to report the previously heard phrase as true.

Question 21

Effects of Encoding, How do we maximize the probability that things will be better remembered??

Answer 21

Spacing Effect
Level of Processing
Impact of Schemas
Other Strategies`

Question 22

level of processing?

Answer 22

• Shallow Processing = focus more on physical features; involves little
  attention to meaning
  o happens somewhat automatically
  o ~ maintenance rehearsal (mere repetition)
• Deep Processing = focus more on meaning; relate it to something else that
  you know; requires conscious effort
  o requires conscious effort
  o ~ elaborative rehearsal (semantic processing)

Question 23

• Craik & Tulving’s task (1975)?

Answer 23

three groups of subjects given list of words;
each group asked to answer a different question about each word on list
o G1 – Is the word written in uppercase or lowercase letters? Shallow processing
o G2 – does the word rhyme with ______ ? Still shallow but a bit deeper than G1
o G3 – given a new fill-in-the-blank sentence for each word, and asked if the word would make sense in that sentence. Deep processing.
* Then, all were given a surprise recall task.

• Results: deeper processing during encoding leads to better recall.
  Ø The deeper processing the better the performance