chap 6 LTM Flashcards
serial position curve?
Ø Both are related to STM memory and LTM memory.
Ø Primary words tend to go to LTM by rehearsal and the last words are in the STM.
primacy vs recency effect?
Primacy Effect : recall advantage of first items (LTM) Recency Effect: recall advantage of last items. (STM, only if asked immediately). 30 sec of delay eliminates recency effect.
proactive interference?
previously learned info interferes with learning new info
release from proactive interference?
a condition that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference.
recognition memory?
recognition of the stimuli that we encounter earlier.
mental time travel/ self-knowing or remembering?
the experience of traveling back in time to reconnect with the past events.
LTM processes?
Encoding (input): translating info into neural code that our brain can understand; can be visual, phonological, semantic
Storage (storage): retaining info over some period of time
Retrieval (output): pulling info out of storage
Encoding and Rehearsal to transfer info from STM to LTM?
- maintenance rehearsal
- elaborative rehearsal
maintenance rehearsal?
repeat something over and over; typically used for maintaining information in STM
o not very effective for transfer to LTM
elaborative rehearsal?
elaborate on info or relate it to something known; focuses on meaning of material.
a. Comparing in our mind can help us to conceptualize the info better.
o much more effective for transferring to LTM
interaction between episodic and semantic memory?
- knowledge affects experience
- autobiographical memory.
autobiographical memory?
memory of specific experience of life that includes episodic and semantic components.
personal semantic memory?
the semantic components of the personal experiences.
semanticization of remote memories?
loss of episodic detail for memories for long-ago events.
constructive episodic simulation hypothesis?
episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.
explicit memory?
memories that we are aware of.
implicit memory?
unaware memories.
expert-induced amnesia?
amnesia due to well-learned skills do not require attention.
repetition priming?
when the test stimulus is the same as or resembles the priming stimulus
propaganda effect?
participants are more likely to report the previously heard phrase as true.
Effects of Encoding, How do we maximize the probability that things will be better remembered??
Spacing Effect
Level of Processing
Impact of Schemas
Other Strategies`
level of processing?
- Shallow Processing = focus more on physical features; involves little
attention to meaning
o happens somewhat automatically
o ~ maintenance rehearsal (mere repetition) - Deep Processing = focus more on meaning; relate it to something else that
you know; requires conscious effort
o requires conscious effort
o ~ elaborative rehearsal (semantic processing)
- Craik & Tulving’s task (1975)?
three groups of subjects given list of words;
each group asked to answer a different question about each word on list
o G1 – Is the word written in uppercase or lowercase letters? Shallow processing
o G2 – does the word rhyme with ______ ? Still shallow but a bit deeper than G1
o G3 – given a new fill-in-the-blank sentence for each word, and asked if the word would make sense in that sentence. Deep processing.
* Then, all were given a surprise recall task.
- Results: deeper processing during encoding leads to better recall.
Ø The deeper processing the better the performance
