chap 5 : motivation and emotion

Question 1

what is motivation?

Answer 1

its a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior of humans and other organisms. It the process by which activities are started, directed and continued so that psychological or physical needs are met.

Question 2

what are the 2 categories of motivation?

Answer 2

1. intrinsic motivation
2. extrinsic motivation

Question 3

what is the instinct approach of motivation

Answer 3

we get motivated due to our biological or innate patterns of behavior , its an impulse from within us that motivates a behavior.
Their behaviors are unlearned , are always expressed in the same way and are universal in species

Question 4

what is the drive approach

Answer 4

It suggests that the lack of a biological requirement like a need (food or water) is what produces a drive to obtain that need.

Question 5

what is a need

Answer 5

is a requirement that is essential for the survival of an organism.

Question 6

what is a drive

Answer 6

Drive is motivated tension that energizes behavior to fulfill a need.

Question 7

what are the 2 kinds of drives

Answer 7

• Primary drives are what involve survival needs of the body
• Secondary drives are those that learned through experience or conditioning such as need for money and social approval

Question 8

what is the drive reduction theory?

Answer 8

when there is a need it stimulates behavior that brings the body back into balance : ex eating when hungry.

Question 9

what is the arousal approach

Answer 9

Usually the goal of a certain behavior is to maintain a certain level of stimulation and activity, if it gets too high, we try to reduce them. If it gets too low, we try to increase them
In the Arousal approach, the goal of a behavior is to maintain or increase excitement.

Question 10

what is the incentives approach

Answer 10

It suggests that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards: Incentives.
Drives and Incentives work together in motivating behavior. When we are pushed by our needs to reduce drives we are also pulled by incentives

Question 11

what is the cognitive approach

Answer 11

It suggests that motivation is a result of people‘s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals

Question 12

what is the humanistic approach

Answer 12

It’s based on the work of Abraham Maslow. He suggested that human behavior is influenced by a hierarchy, or ranking, of five classes of needs, or motives. Needs at the lowest level must be at least partially satisfied before people can be motivated by the ones at higher levels.

Question 13

what are the five needs for motives

Answer 13

1. Psychological needs: human survival (food water)
2. Safety needs( security , law stability)
3. Love and belongingness needs: (friendship, intimacy, acceptance)
4. Esteem needs: for ourselves (dignity achievement), for reputation and respect (status and prestige)
5. Self actualization needs ( self fulfillment , personal growth)

Question 14

what is frustration?

Answer 14

is the feeling within an individual when they are being blocked in the attempts to satisfy needs which one considers significant. The person may feel anxious, depressed or angry. Often it leads to aggression directed towards the source of frustration.

Question 15

what are the 3 main sources of frustration?

Answer 15

1. Environmental forces
2. personal factors
3. conflict

Question 16

what is a conflict of motives?

Answer 16

refers to the difficulty that people usually face when choosing among motives since there are a lot.
When the decision is more important , the number and strength of motivational pushes and pulls are often greater, creating more internal conflict and indecision

Question 17

what are the 4 types of motivational conflicts

Answer 17

1. approach - approach conflicts
2. avoidance -avoidance conflicts
3. approach -avoidance conflicts
4. multiple approach -avoidance conflicts

Question 18

what is emotion

Answer 18

it can be defined as the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by certain physical arousal, certain behavior that reveals the feeling to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings.

Question 19

what are the 3 elements of emotion?

Answer 19

1. the physiology emotion
2. the behavior of emotion
3. subjective experience

Question 20

whats the theory of james lang

Answer 20

By: William James and Carl Lang
What: A stimulus of some sort produces a physiological reaction (fight or flight). That reaction produces bodily sensations such as increased heart rate, dry mouth and rapid breathing. They believe that physical arousal led to the labeling of the emotion.

Question 21

whats the cannon bard theory

Answer 21

By: Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
What: the emotion and the physiological arousal occur more or less at the same time. So when a stimulus occurs it produces physiological arousal as well as emotion. The sensory information is sent to both the cortex and the organs of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 22

whats the Schechter-Singer and Cognitive arousal theory

Answer 22

By: Schachter-Singer
What: It states that physical arousal and labeling of the arousal needs to happen before the emotion occurs. These 2 happen at the same time, which results in the labeling of the emotion. When the stimulus occurs the physiological arousal and understanding of what that means leads to the conclusion that a certain emotion is being felt.