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Psy > Chap 2 > Flashcards

Chap 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the nature of human development?

A

we grow up from childhood to adolescence to adulthood to old age , and we change physically ,emotionally , cognitively and morally

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2
Q

what do developmental psychologists do?

A

they study the changes through which human behavior pass as we grow older

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3
Q

what are the basics of human development ?

A

-growth = quantitative change in size , complexity and proportion
-maturation = qualitative change from inherited tendencies
-learning= change in behavior that comes from practice and experience

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4
Q

define development

A

it is a progressive series of orderly , coherent and life long process of physical , cognitive , emotional and language changes throughout the life span of an individual due to nature and nurture

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5
Q

what resulted in human development

A

the interconnection and the totality of the heredity and environment

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6
Q

Developmental psychology

A

it examines how people are continually developing , physically , cognitively and socially from infancy to old age

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7
Q

what are the principles of human development?

A
  1. cephalocaudal principle : development proceeds from head to tail- head to lower body parts
  2. proximodistal principal : development proceeds from the center of the body to the outer body parts
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8
Q

List of things about development

A

there are 5 aspects
1. it depends on maturation and learning
2. it proceeds from the simple to complex
3. it is a continuous process
4. it proceeds from the general to specific
5. there are different individual rates of development

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9
Q

what are the aspects of development

A

-physical
-cognitive
-language
-social
-emotional
-moral
-gender

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10
Q

what are the 4 different theories of human development

A
  1. cognitive development theory
  2. psychosexual
  3. psychosocial
  4. Moral
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11
Q

What is the the cognitive development theory

A

it is a theory developed by jean piaget
it refers to how a child perceives , thinks, and gains an understanding of their world through the interaction and influence of genetic and learned factors.

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12
Q

what are the 2 processes of cognitive development

A

Assimilation= use of old method to deal w/ new situations
Accommodation= changing of old methods to deal w/ new situations , modification

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13
Q

what are the 4 stages of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperational
  3. concrete operational
  4. formal operational
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14
Q

what are the limitations in preoperational stage ?

A
  1. ego-centrism
    2.lack of ability to decenter
  2. lack of ability to reverse
  3. lack of ability of conservation
  4. animism
    5.realism
    6.artificalism
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15
Q

what are the limitations in formal operational stage ?

A

Adolescence ego-centrism
imaginary audience
personal fable

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16
Q

what is the psychosexual development theory

A

it is by Freud Sigmund
it focuses on the shift of gratification areas or erogenous zones and the fixations that could occur.

17
Q

Define fixations

A

Fixations are conflicts that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occurred , potentially through negligence of needs

18
Q

what are the stages of psychosexual development

A
  1. the oral stage
  2. the anal stage
  3. the phallic stage
  4. the latency stage
  5. the genital stage
19
Q

what are the erogenous zone and fixations from the oral stage and conflicts from the first stage

A

zone: the mouth
fixation: overindulging adult
conflict : weaning

20
Q

what are the erogenous zone , fixation and conflict from the anal stage

A

zone: anus
fixation: 1. rebelling 2. fear of messing up
conflict : toilet training

21
Q

what are the erogenous zone , fixation and conflict from the phallic stage

A

zone : the genitals
conflict : imitate the same sex parent
fixation : mama’s boy’s and daddy issues looking for older men to marry

22
Q

what are the Oedipus and Electra complex

A

Oedipus complex = is attraction towards opposite sex parent and rivalry towards same sex parent
Electra complex

23
Q

what are the erogenous zone , fixation and conflict from the latency stage ?

A

Zone: none
none
none

24
Q

what are the erogenous zone , fixation and conflict from the genital stage

A

zone: genital, sexual intercourse

25
Q

what is the Psychosocial theory

A

its developed by Erikson
in this theory he suggests that there are 8 stages each with a psychological dilemma which needs to be entirely solved so life doesn’t become complicated as we grow

26
Q

what are the 8 stages of the psychosocial development

A
  1. trust vs mistrust
  2. autonomy vs shame
  3. initiative vs guilt
  4. industry vs inferiority
  5. identity vs role confusion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generosity vs stagnation
  8. integrity vs despair
27
Q

what is moral developmental theory

A

its developed by Lawrence kholberg
he states that morality is the human attempt to define what is right and wrong about our actions and thoughts and what is good and bad about ourselves.

28
Q

what are the 3 levels of moral developmental theory

A

level 1: pre-conventional moral reasoning (4-10)
level 2: conventional moral reasoning (10-adolescence )
level 3: post-conventional moral reasoning

29
Q

what are the stages or orientations in the pre-conventional moral reasoning level

A

stage 1: obedience -punishment orientation
= consequences makes it good or bad
stage2: instrumental -relativism orientation
=what satisfies the needs is good

30
Q

what are the stages or orientation in the conventional moral reasoning level

A

stage 3: good boy/girl orientation
=desire to gain peoples approval
stage 4: law and order
=obeyance of rules because they’re the rules

31
Q

what are the stages or orientation in the post-conventional reasoning level

A

sage5: social contract
=compromising social laws when needed
stage 6: universal ethical principle
=morality is based on ethical principles of justice that are viewed as universal

32
Q

What is Nature

A

it refers to the genetic transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to their children

33
Q

what is nurture

A

it refers to the sum of all external conditions that affect a person and the way they behave.

34
Q

what is free will?

A

it is the ability to make decisions and choices freely

35
Q

what is determinism?

A

its the notion that behavior is largely produced by factors beyond peoples willful control

36
Q

what are the three stages of prenatal development

A
  1. the germinal stage ( conception - 2 weeks)
  2. embryonic stage ( 2-8weeks)
  3. Fetal stage ( week 9 - birth )
37
Q

what are the things that a pregnant woman she watch out for

A
  • Teratogens
  • caffeine
  • cocaine and other drugs
  • smoking and nicotine
  • lead
  • air pollutants
  • alcohol
38
Q

what is Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

its a condition resulting in below average intelligence , growth delays and facial deformities

Psy (8 decks)

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