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Psy > Chap 3 > Flashcards

Chap 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning ?

A

learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to practise and experience

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2
Q

what are the 4 attributes to learning ?

A
  • its a process of relatively permanent change in behavior
  • it does not change due to illness or fatigue or maturation, nor use of intoxicant
  • its not directly observable but it manifests in activities
  • learning depends on practise and experience
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3
Q

what are the characteristics of learning ?

A

according to yoakman and simpson :
1. continuous modification of behavior throughout life
2. pervasive
3. involves the whole person
4. is often a change in the organization of experiences
5. is responsive to encouragement
6. is an active process
7. is purposeful
8. depends on maturation and motivation
9. is multifaceted

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4
Q

what are he factors that could influence learning ?

A
  1. motivation
  2. intelligence
  3. maturation
  4. physical condition of the learner
  5. working conditions
  6. mental wellbeing of the learner
  7. background experience
  8. length of the working period
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5
Q

what is the classical conditioning theory of learning

A

by ivan pavlov
it focuses on the learning of the involuntary emotional and psychological responses.
The theory aims to explain the way in which reflex behavior may become associated with a new stimulus that does not naturally activate that behavior

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6
Q

what are the basics of classical conditioning

A
  • neutral stimulus
  • unconditioned stimulus
  • unconditioned response
  • conditioned stimulus
  • conditioned response
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7
Q

what is stimulus generalization ?

A

its when a stimulus that is similar to an already conditioned stimulus starts to produce the same responses as the original stimulus

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8
Q

what is stimulus discrimination ?

A

its when an organism differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and a similar one

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9
Q

what’s acquisition

A

its the initial stage where one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus can trigger the conditioned response

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10
Q

what’s an extinction ?

A

its when responses start to decrease if conditioned stimulus is not accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus over time

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11
Q

spontaneous recovery ?

A

its the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or lessened response

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12
Q

what’s the operant conditioning

A

by : BF skinner
learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

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13
Q

how does skinner describe learning

A

he describes it as a voluntary response, it can be strengthened or weakened depending on the positive or negative consequences.

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14
Q

what are the basic steps followed by skinner in operant conditioning

A

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

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15
Q

what are the consequences of the learners responses?

A
  1. neutral consequences
  2. a reinforcement
  3. punishment
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16
Q

what is a neutral consequence

A

it does not alter the response or the behavior of the learner

17
Q

what does reinforcement do ?

A

it will increase the likelihood of a response or a behavior

18
Q

what are the 2 kinds of reinforcers?

A

+ primary reinforcer : ability to reinforce without prior learning = food or water
+ secondary reinforcer: become a reinforcer because of its association with a primary reinforcer = money , praise

19
Q

what are positive and negative reinforcer ?

A

+ positive reinforcer: application of a pleasant stimulus after a response
+ negative reinforcer : the removal of something unpleasant from the environment

20
Q

what is a schedule of reinforcement

A

its the frequency and timing of the reinforcements

21
Q

what is a continuous reinforcement ?

A

its a reinforcement where there is a reward for every time there was a desired response

22
Q

what’s a partial reinforcement ?

A

its a reinforcement where there is a reward for some instances where there was a desired response

23
Q

what are the 4 types of partial schedules

A
  1. fixed-ratio schedules
  2. variable ratio schedules
  3. fixed interval schedules
  4. variable interval schedules
24
Q

what is a punishment

A

its the use of unpleasant stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior to reoccur

25
Q

what are the 2 kinds of punishments

A

primary punishers: pain and extreme temperature
secondary punishers: criticism, fines , scolding

26
Q

what are positive and negative punishments ?

A

+ positive punishments : the addition of unpleasant stimulus that decreases the possibility of a behavior to reoccur
+ negative punishments : is taking away reinforcing stimulus , which also decreases the likelihood of behavioral reoccurrence

27
Q

what are the pros of punishment

A
  1. immediacy
  2. consistency
  3. intensity
28
Q

what are the cons of punishment

A
29
Q

what is the application of the theory

A
  1. conditioning study behavior
  2. conditioning and classroom behavior
  3. managing problem behavior
  4. dealing with anxieties through conditioning
  5. conditioning group behavior
  6. conditioning and cognitive processes
  7. shaping complex behavior
30
Q

what is the social learning theory

A

by: Albert Bandura
what : the theory claims that a major part of human learning takes place through observing the behavior of another person

31
Q

what are the 2 kind of models that people copy

A

real life: existing people
symbolic : representatives of real life models

32
Q

what are the 3 forms of reinforcement for observational learning

A
  1. direct reinforcement
  2. vicarious reinforcement
  3. self reinforcement
33
Q

what are the 4 conditions in social learning theory

A
  1. attention
  2. retention
  3. motor reproduction
  4. motivation
34
Q

what does the cognitive learning theory focus on

A

it focuses on how information is obtained , processed and organized

35
Q

what are the 2 forms of cognitive learning

A
  1. latent : learning that isnt immediate and occurs without the reinforcement of a particular response
  2. insight: situation where a problem is posed, a period follows during which no
    apparent progress is made, and then the solution comes suddenly.

Psy (8 decks)

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