Chap. 5 A&P Respiratory System Flashcards
What is the main function of the respiratory system
Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between cells of body and external enviornment
This process is called respiration
Where does gas exchange happen between blood and outer atmosphere
Alveoli
The digestive and respiratory passage ways meet in what region of the pharynx
Oropharynx
The relaxation of respiratory muscles compresses the thorax and increases the air pressure in ????
Which organs
Lungs
The are of the brain where breathing is controlled, regions of the the medulla oblangata and what other part
Pons
Two primary tubes in the respiartoy system that branch from the trachea
Bronchi
Contractions of the respiratory muscles result in
Increasing volume in the thorax
Which of the following is not a mechanism by which CO2 is carried in the blood stream
Which option
Attaches to hemoglobin molecules
Dissolves gas in the plasma
As bicarbonate ions
Attached to hormone molecules in the blood
Which of the following is not responsible for the changes occurring in the lungs during inspiration
Which option
The closed thoracic compartment which encloses the lungs
B) The nerve impulses reaching the lungs from the brain
The elasticity of lungs
The firm attachment of pleural membrane
What is the function of the eppiglotis
Seal respiratory tract when swallowing food
What is the function of the cartilage rings in the trachea
Prevents the collapse of the trachea
What is inspiration
Inhaling
Pressure goes down
Volumes goes up
Diaphragm contracts goes down
What is expiration
Presurrre goes up
Volumes goes down
Diaphragm relaxes and comes up
What divides the nasal cavity
The nasal septum
Openings from the nasal cavities that extend into the sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, and other bones of the skull are called what
Sinuses
Sites where air in warmed
Conchae and sinuses
The nasal cavity is associated with what sensse
Smell
What is the nose adapted for
Warming, moistening, filtering air
Do blood vessels warm the air we breath
Yes
Inflammation of the mucosal membranes is called
Rhinitis
Allergies occuring in the nasal chambers are referred to as
Allergic rhinitis
Where is the nasopharynx
Immediately behind the nasal cavities
What is inferior to the nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Where the digestive and respiratory passageways meet posterior in the mouth
Where lies immediately above the larynx
Laryngopharynx
Two auditory tubes that open from the middle ear into the lateral walls of the nasopharynx
Eustachian
What is the purpose of auditory tubes
Equalize air pressure
Mass of lymphatic tissue
On the posterior wall of the nasopharynx in the medial region
Pharyngeal tonsils
Where are the palatine tonsils located
Behind the nose
What is the larynx made up of
Cartilage
Connects pharynx and trachea at level of cervical vertebrea
How many pieces of cartilage compose the larynx
9 in a box like formation
The larynx
Epiglottis Supra-glottis Vocal cord Glottis Subglottis
What connects the larynx and the trachea
Cricoid cartilage
Resembles a signet
Leaf shaped lid at the entry of the larynx
Epiglottis
What is the opening of the larynx called
Glottis
What are the functions of the larynx
Production of sound and passage way for air
Nasal cavity
Hollow space within the nose
Sinuses
Hollow spaces in the bones of skulls
Larynx
Enlargement at the top of the trachea
Bronchiole tree
Branched tubes that lead from the trachea to the alveoli
What is the inflammation of the bronchial tree
Bronchitis
What is asthma
Periodic attacks of wheezing
Caused by spasms of smooth muscles
Usually triggered by allergens in the environment
What organs occupy most of the space of the thoracic cavity
Lungs
What do the lungs consist of
Consist of million of small sacs called alveoli
What is the average amount of alveoli in a human being
300 million
Two layered membrane that surrounds each lung
Pleura
What is the inner layer of the lung membrane called
Visceral
Specific pain
Outer layer of membrane that surround lung
Parietal
General pain
What is in between the visceral and parietal layer
Surfactant
What is the plural cavity
Space between the visceral and parietal pleura
Physiology of respiration
Gas exchange in alveoli
Air enter lungs, alveoli lower pressure
Air leaves lungs, alveoli has higher pressure
What nerve detects pressure changes
Freenick nerve
What does pressure change in lung depend on
Elasticity
Presence of closed thoracic compartment
Alignment of visceral pleura just next to parietal pleura
What muscles contract during inspiration
External intercostal muscles
Does contraction of intercostal muscles increase the volume of the thorax
Yes
Approx how many ml of air leave and enter ling during one breath
500 ml
Under the rest condition normal breath 500 ml of air enters and leaves the lungs, what is this called
Resting tidal volume
After expiration how many ml of air remain in the lungs
2500 ml
Should a person force air out of lungs about how much ml of air will reamin in lungs
1000 ml
This volume is called residual volume
What is vital capacity of lungs
2500-3500 ml of air in addition to 500 ml
How is breathing controlled
Controlled by contraction of respiratory muscles which are stimulated by nerves
The main area of respiratory muscles control is a portion of the brain called
Respiratory control center
The respiratory control center is located in the brain stem and includes what parts of the brain
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Receptors of the respiratory system
Chemical receptors
Chemoreceptors
Located in carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta
What monitors the dissolve oxygen and content of blood
Chemoreceptors
The activity of respiratory center and chemoreceptors voluntary or involuntary
Involuntary
What is hyperventilation
Deep and rapid breathing
How many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry
4
What percent of gas that is dissolved
2
What percent of gas is carried
98%
What does a hemoglobin molecule does not have oxygen attached then it has what attached
CO2
