chap 3 part 2

Question 1

Which layer of articular cartilage is primarily densely packed collagen II?

Answer 1

surface layer

Question 2

Which layer of articular cartilage is a thin crystalline mineral plate that functions in sealing the cartilage from bone?

Answer 2

deep layer (by bone)

Question 3

Which layer of articular cartilage is composed of chondrocytes arranged in columns?

Answer 3

middle

Question 4

What is the outer layer (continuous with the periosteum) of the joint capsule composed of?

Answer 4

fibrous dense CT

Question 5

Which layer of the joint capsule contains a rich blood, lymph, and nerve supply, regenerates if damaged and is not considered an epithelial lining?

Answer 5

synovial layer or synovial membrane

Question 6

What are the two cell types associated with the synovial layer?

Answer 6

Type A synovocytes and type B synovoctyes

Question 7

What makes up synovial fluid?

Answer 7

high concentration of hyaluronan and lubricin

Question 8

What are the 3 types of synovial membranes?

Answer 8

fibrous synovium, areolar synovium, and adipose synovium

Question 9

Which type of synovial membrane has Type A and B cells and extends into the joint cavity as synovial folds and villi?

Answer 9

areolar synovium

Question 10

T/F: adipose synovium contains Type A cells.

Answer 10

False; Type B cells

Question 11

Which is slower and more common, appositional or interstitial cartilage growth?

Answer 11

appositional cartilage growth occurs much slower and is more common

Question 12

Where does appositional growth originate?

Answer 12

perichondrium

Question 13

T/F: new chondroblasts can develop from fibroblasts in the fibrous perichondrium?

Answer 13

true

Question 14

Where does new chondrogenic perichondrium develop from?

Answer 14

the previous fibrous perichondrium

Question 15

Where does new fibrous perichondrium develop from?

Answer 15

the surrounding CT

Question 16

What are the 2 main functions of appositional cartilage growth?

Answer 16

enlarging existing cartilage and healing

Question 17

What type of cartilage has more chondrocytes, less matrix, and elastic fibers?

Answer 17

elastic cartilage

Question 18

How does elastic cartilage function?

Answer 18

provides more flexibility; not to stretch like a rubber band

Question 19

What type of cartilage is composed of chondrocytes, fibrocytes, and collagen I fibers?

Answer 19

fibrocartilage

Question 20

T/F: fibrocartilage has no perichondrium and is avascular.

Answer 20

True (with exception of a few vessels in peripheral knee menisci)

Question 21

What are the 2 main functions of fibrocartilage?

Answer 21

provides strength (against stretch/tensile forces) and shock absorption (resists compressive forces)

Question 22

What is the major limitation of fibrocartilage?

Answer 22

no appositional healing because there is no perichondrium

Question 23

During development of fibrocartilage, tissue is initally more like what?

Answer 23

dense regular CT with fibroblasts

Question 24

During development of fibrocartilage, the pressure from accumulating molecules changes the fibroblasts into what?

Answer 24

chondrocytes

Question 25

During development of fibrocartilage, what type of cells/fibers develop following compressive forces?

Answer 25

hyaline matrix (collagen II fibers and GAGs)

Question 26

If developing fibrocartilage experiences more shearing/pulling forces, what type of cells/fibers develop

Answer 26

collagen I

Question 27

T/F: no fibroblasts remain as fibrocytes.

Answer 27

False; some do

Question 28

What type of cartilage is a combination of dense regular CT and hyaline cartilage?

Answer 28

fibrocartilage

Question 29

What happens to chondrocyte numbers with aging? what happens to matrix with aging? calcification of cartilage?

Answer 29

decrease, decrease, and increase

Question 30

What type of cartilage tends to resist calcification?

Answer 30

elastic cartilage

Question 31

When is the effect of hormones and vitamins greatest?

Answer 31

during original cartilage growth and development; including epiphyseal growth plates and the ossification process

Question 32

What stage of arthritis benefits most from glucosamine and chondroitin supplements?

Answer 32

mild to moderate

Question 33

T/F: healing of hyaline and elastic cartilage is much better in children than adults and typically ends up producing a lot of scar tissue.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

When is osteoarthritis considered pathological?

Answer 34

before 65 years old or if its too severely

Question 35

What are the 3 types of osteoarthritis?

Answer 35

primary, traumatic, and inherited OA

Question 36

Which type of OA is caused by mutant collagen II fibers and thus not as strong?

Answer 36

Inherited OA

Question 37

At which age do most people have at least some primary OA?

Answer 37

70

Question 38

What is the OA cycle?

Answer 38

cartilage decreases leads to osteophytes develop leads to joint irritation which leads to inflammation which leads to losing more cartilage

Question 39

What are the two parts of the intervertebral disc?

Answer 39

nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis

Question 40

Which part of the intervertebral disc had no (or at least very few) cells after the 20s

Answer 40

nucleus pulposus

Question 41

Which part of the intervertebral disc is composed mostly of HA (therfore much water) and collagen II? It also functions to resist compressive forces?

Answer 41

nucleus pulposus

Question 42

What is the annulus fibrosis made of?

Answer 42

fibrocartilage; collagen I with some hyaline matrix; chondrocytes and fibrocytes

Question 43

What is the function of the annulus fibrosis?

Answer 43

to support the nucleus pulposis

Question 44

What change in collagen fibers occurs with age-related degenerative changes to IVD?

Answer 44

more collagen II and less collagen I

Question 45

T/F: With age-related degenerative changes to IVD, fibrocytes produce more proteoglycans.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

T/f: chondrocytes are able to maintain decreased aggrecans.

Answer 46

true