Chap 3 Integration across the life course Flashcards
what is multimorbidity?
the co-occurrence of chronic conditions such as arthritis or diabetes.
Disability?
A disability is a “reported” difficulty in performing the activities of daily life (ADLs),
such as dressing, getting out of bed, grooming oneself,
what is Frailty?
impairments across physiological systems that often entail imbalances in systems, such as weaker lung capacity and loss of leg strength . Frailty often includes the following: muscle weakness, especially in the legs; fatigue and diminished energy reserve.
sarcopenia?
decrease in muscle mass and loss in muscle function
what are the causes of frailty?
genetic traits related to the cellular, metabolic, cardiovascular, and immunologic systems; the onset of disease (especially multimorbidity) or injuries that limit physical activity; poor nutrition; sedentary living whereby lack of regular physical activity in later life leads to loss of muscle strength and endurance in the legs; and the onset of normal aging processes linked to advanced age, such as dementia and sarcopenia (loss of muscle)
healthy coping strategy with aging?
regular exercise and proper diet.
name the internal changes as aging occurs?
- a decrease in muscle mass (sarcopenia), strength, and elasticity
- a decrease in water content and an increase in fat cells versus muscle cells
- a decrease in bone mass and minerals so that bones become more brittle, increases chances of fractures, especially among menopausal women
- a deterioration in the range, flexibility, and composition of the articulating surfaces and joints (fractures, arthritis)
what are the changes in CNS due to aging?
-slow down of the system
- longer response/reaction time
- fatigue
-hand tremors
- Neurocognitive disorders (Parkinson, Dementia)
what are the changes in Muscular system due to aging?
- decrease in strength and endurance
- Sarcopenia
what are the changes in Cardiovascular system due to aging?
- decrease in maximum attainable heart rate
- decrease in maximum cardiac output and stroke volume
- increase in blood pressure.
what is Arteriosclerosis?
Arteriosclerosis, a loss of elasticity in the arterial walls, restricts the flow of blood to the muscles and organs, thereby lowering endurance during work or play
Atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis, characterized by a hardening and narrowing of the arterial walls, results in the accumulation of fatty deposits that partially or completely block the flow of blood.
name the effect of aging on Respiratory system?
decreases in elasticity of the lungs, in vital capacity (the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a full inspiration), in diffusion and absorption capacities, and in maximum voluntary ventilation and oxygen intake.
physical literacy?
“the motivation, confidence, physical competence, understanding and knowledge that individuals develop in order to maintain physical activity at an appropriate level throughout their life”
cautiousness?
a generalized tendency to respond slowly or not at all because of the possible consequences of a mistake, occurs in many situations when a decision must be made, such as while driving in heavy traffic.
Reaction time?
the period from perception of a stimulus to reaction
what are the effects of sensory impairment in day-to day life?
Sensory impairment can contribute to depression, to loss of self-esteem, or to social isolation, as well as to significant increases in both personal and societal health-care costs
name the effect of aging on vision?
*a thickening of the lens and a decrease in the diameter of the pupil, both of which limit the amount of light reaching the retina
> less flexibility in the lens (presbyopia), which decreases the ability to focus on objects at varying distances
* a decrease in threshold adaptation to darkness, glare, and rapidly changing light levels
*a yellowing of the lens that filters out green, blue, and violet at the shorter wave-length end of the spectrum, resulting in loss of colour vision
diabetic retinopathy?
a disease that affects the blood vessels in the back of the eye that affect about 5% of persons aged 40 and over
macular degeneration?
DETERIORATION of the RETINA in the eye that affects about 2 per cent of persons aged 50 and over
glaucoma?
(pressure in the eye that affects the OPTIC NERVE that affects about 2 per cent of persons aged 40 and over)
intelligence?
a multi-dimensional construct consisting of abilities such as verbal comprehension, reasoning, abstract thinking, perceptual speed, numerical facility, problem-solving, knowledge, and word fluency
intelligence vs competence?
intelligence refers to underlying abilities that can be applied to many situations, while competence refers to adaptive behavior unique to a specific situation or class of situations.
fluid intelligence?
Fluid intelligence: influenced by neurological capacity
* Peaks during adolescence, and thus susceptible to age-related declines, although not observable until 60s.
