Chap 3 Integration across the life course

Question 1

what is multimorbidity?

Answer 1

the co-occurrence of chronic conditions such as arthritis or diabetes.

Question 2

Disability?

Answer 2

A disability is a “reported” difficulty in performing the activities of daily life (ADLs),
such as dressing, getting out of bed, grooming oneself,

Question 3

what is Frailty?

Answer 3

impairments across physiological systems that often entail imbalances in systems, such as weaker lung capacity and loss of leg strength . Frailty often includes the following: muscle weakness, especially in the legs; fatigue and diminished energy reserve.

Question 4

sarcopenia?

Answer 4

decrease in muscle mass and loss in muscle function

Question 5

what are the causes of frailty?

Answer 5

genetic traits related to the cellular, metabolic, cardiovascular, and immunologic systems; the onset of disease (especially multimorbidity) or injuries that limit physical activity; poor nutrition; sedentary living whereby lack of regular physical activity in later life leads to loss of muscle strength and endurance in the legs; and the onset of normal aging processes linked to advanced age, such as dementia and sarcopenia (loss of muscle)

Question 6

healthy coping strategy with aging?

Answer 6

regular exercise and proper diet.

Question 7

name the internal changes as aging occurs?

Answer 7

• a decrease in muscle mass (sarcopenia), strength, and elasticity
• a decrease in water content and an increase in fat cells versus muscle cells
• a decrease in bone mass and minerals so that bones become more brittle, increases chances of fractures, especially among menopausal women
• a deterioration in the range, flexibility, and composition of the articulating surfaces and joints (fractures, arthritis)

Question 8

what are the changes in CNS due to aging?

Answer 8

-slow down of the system
- longer response/reaction time
- fatigue
-hand tremors
- Neurocognitive disorders (Parkinson, Dementia)

Question 9

what are the changes in Muscular system due to aging?

Answer 9

• decrease in strength and endurance
• Sarcopenia

Question 10

what are the changes in Cardiovascular system due to aging?

Answer 10

• decrease in maximum attainable heart rate
• decrease in maximum cardiac output and stroke volume
• increase in blood pressure.

Question 11

what is Arteriosclerosis?

Answer 11

Arteriosclerosis, a loss of elasticity in the arterial walls, restricts the flow of blood to the muscles and organs, thereby lowering endurance during work or play

Question 12

Atherosclerosis?

Answer 12

Atherosclerosis, characterized by a hardening and narrowing of the arterial walls, results in the accumulation of fatty deposits that partially or completely block the flow of blood.

Question 13

name the effect of aging on Respiratory system?

Answer 13

decreases in elasticity of the lungs, in vital capacity (the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a full inspiration), in diffusion and absorption capacities, and in maximum voluntary ventilation and oxygen intake.

Question 14

physical literacy?

Answer 14

“the motivation, confidence, physical competence, understanding and knowledge that individuals develop in order to maintain physical activity at an appropriate level throughout their life”

Question 15

cautiousness?

Answer 15

a generalized tendency to respond slowly or not at all because of the possible consequences of a mistake, occurs in many situations when a decision must be made, such as while driving in heavy traffic.

Question 16

Reaction time?

Answer 16

the period from perception of a stimulus to reaction

Question 17

what are the effects of sensory impairment in day-to day life?

Answer 17

Sensory impairment can contribute to depression, to loss of self-esteem, or to social isolation, as well as to significant increases in both personal and societal health-care costs

Question 18

name the effect of aging on vision?

Answer 18

*a thickening of the lens and a decrease in the diameter of the pupil, both of which limit the amount of light reaching the retina
> less flexibility in the lens (presbyopia), which decreases the ability to focus on objects at varying distances
* a decrease in threshold adaptation to darkness, glare, and rapidly changing light levels
*a yellowing of the lens that filters out green, blue, and violet at the shorter wave-length end of the spectrum, resulting in loss of colour vision

Question 19

diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 19

a disease that affects the blood vessels in the back of the eye that affect about 5% of persons aged 40 and over

Question 20

macular degeneration?

Answer 20

DETERIORATION of the RETINA in the eye that affects about 2 per cent of persons aged 50 and over

Question 21

glaucoma?

Answer 21

(pressure in the eye that affects the OPTIC NERVE that affects about 2 per cent of persons aged 40 and over)

Question 22

intelligence?

Answer 22

a multi-dimensional construct consisting of abilities such as verbal comprehension, reasoning, abstract thinking, perceptual speed, numerical facility, problem-solving, knowledge, and word fluency

Question 23

intelligence vs competence?

Answer 23

intelligence refers to underlying abilities that can be applied to many situations, while competence refers to adaptive behavior unique to a specific situation or class of situations.

Question 24

fluid intelligence?

Answer 24

Fluid intelligence: influenced by neurological capacity
* Peaks during adolescence, and thus susceptible to age-related declines, although not observable until 60s.

Question 25

Crystallized intelligence?

Answer 25

a product of education, experience, and acculturation, is based on learning and experience. (increases by age)

Question 26

3-stage memory model of Murdock?

Answer 26

1- , information is received and temporarily placed in “SENSORY STORE.”
2- this information by the “attention” process to “SHORT-TERM MEMORY.”
3- through a failure of the retrieval system to find what has been stored.

Question 27

episodic long-term memory?

Answer 27

acquisition and retrieval of information acquired in a particular place at a particular time for a given individual (a trip, a meaningful event, or a first love).

Question 28

Semantic memory?

Answer 28

common knowledge, vocabulary, or concepts that are shared by most people, such as the colour of stop signs or the meaning of “Caution” signs or the fact that a round object roll

Question 29

what are two contrasting cognitive styles?

Answer 29

1- Field-dependent: individuals are more aware of their social environment, more people-oriented, and generally more conventional in their behavior
2- Field-independent: people are more analytical, more internally directed, and less constrained in their behavior by tradition and convention

Question 30

Ulysseans?

Answer 30

people in their 60, 70, and 80’s capable of highly creative work and significant accomplishments.