Chap 3 & 4 Flashcards
What are 4 ways the brain and spinal cord are protected ?
- the skull and vertabrae
- Meninges and arachnoid membrane
- Cerebrospinal fluid
- Blood-brain barrier
What are the 4 brain arteries ?
- Internal carotid
- Anterior cerebral
- Anterior communicating
- Middle cerebral artery
Describe the 3 types of neurons
- Sensory neurons: relays information from the environment
- Motor Neuron: Responsible for muscle movements
- Interneurons: Relay info between sensory and motor neurons
What are the 5 kids of glial cells?
- Ependymal
- Astrocyte
- Microglial
- Oligodenroglial
- Schwann
What are the 3 main regions of the brain?
- Prosencephalon/forebrain
- Mesencephalon/midbrain
- rhombencephalon/hindbrain
Describe the structures of the prosencephalon:
- the forebrain holds the 4 lobes
- includes structures of the limbic system (thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus)
Describe the telencephalon versus the diencephalon
Telencephalon
- the two hemispheres
Diencephalon
- the thalamus and hypothalamus
Describe the structures of the mesencephalon:
- the midbrain has the superior and inferior colliculus
- The tectum and tegmentum and
Describe the structures of the rhombencephalon:
- The hindbrain contains the medulla, pons and cerebellum
Describe the functions of the lobes
- Frontal: voluntary movement, impulse control and aspects of speech
- Parietal: sense of touch and bodily awareness
- Occipital: visual processes
- Temporal: auditory processes, relaying info to the hippocampus for memory storage and aspects of language
Describe the basal ganglia
- integrates sensory and motor information and is critical in motor movement
Describe the limbic system
- 4 structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus
- responsible for emotional processes
2 main structures: - hippocampus is responsible for sensory integration our memories
- amygdala is responsible for feelings of anxiety, fear, anger etc.
Describe the 3 areas of the cortex
Primary: composed of the primary somatosensory, visual, auditory, motor and olfactory cortexes thus making up the sensory processes
Secondary: Involved in more elaborate processes of the primary areas
Tertiary: integrate sensory information to coordinate cognitive function and behavior
Describe briefly the process of DNA transcription
- DNA uncoils and exposes the nucleotide bases
- One strand of the gene serves as a template for transcribing a molecule of mRNA
- the mRNA leaves the nucleus and meets the endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
- Here the bases are transcribed into proteins, all T bases are turned into U bases
Describe briefly the process of mRNA translation
Describe the resting potential
- The resting charge of the neuron which sits at -40mV to -90mV
- maintained by letting K+ and Cl- flow freely but NA+ is kept out of the cell
- for every 3 NA out, 2 K go in, keeping the cell at a negative charge
What is a graded potential?
when the ion concentrations change that cause fluctuations in the voltage
What is the difference between hyper-polarization and depolarization ?
Hyper: K+ leaves the extracellular space becoming more positive
Depolar: Na+ enter the extracellular space making it more negative
What are the 4 main steps of an action potential ?
- ion flow occurs to reach -50 mV (threshold)
- A rapid influx of Na occurs before an efflux of K (depolarization)
- Na ion gates close quickly, and since K gates are slower, they remain open longer so there is a K efflux and repolarization occurs until it reachers hyperpolarization
- Cell returns to resting potential
What is an EPS and an IPS?
- an ESP is when the membrane becomes depolarized increasing the chance of an action potential
- an ISP is when the membrane becomes hyperpolarized decreasing the chance of an action potential
What is temporal summation? spatial summation ?
