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CCNP Core > Chap 27 - Virtualization > Flashcards

Chap 27 - Virtualization Flashcards

1
Q

What was one of the main drivers behind server virtualization?

A

Server hardware resources were being underutilized.

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2
Q

What is a VM?

A

Virtual Machine - it is a software emulation of a physical server with an operating system.

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3
Q

What is a hypervisor?

A

The virtualization software that creates VMs and performs the hardware abstraction that allows multiple VMs to run concurrently.

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4
Q

What are the 4 most popular hypervisors?

A
  • VMware vSphere
  • Microsoft Hyper-V
  • Citrix XenServer
  • Red Hat Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)
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5
Q

What is a Type 1 Hypervisor?

A

It runs directly on the system hardware. It is commonly referred to as “bare metal” or “native.”

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6
Q

What is a Type 2 Hypervisor?

A

This type of hypervisor (for example, VMware Fusion) requires a host OS to run. This is the type of hypervisor that is typically used by client devices.

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7
Q

What is one key capability of VMs?

A

They can be migrated from one server to another while preserving transactional integrity during movement.

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8
Q

What is a container?

A

It is an isolated environment where containerized applications run. It contains the application, along with the dependencies that the application needs to run.

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9
Q

What is a container image?

A

It is a file created by a container engine that includes the application code along with its dependencies.

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10
Q

What are 6 popular container engines?

A
  • Docker
  • rkt (pronounced “rocket”)
  • Open Container Initiative
  • LXD (pronounced “lexdi”), from Canonical Ltd.
  • Linux-Vserver
  • Windows Containers
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11
Q

What is a Virtual Switch (vSwitch)?

A

It is a software-based Layer 2 switch that operates like a physical Ethernet switch.

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12
Q

What are vSwitches used for?

A

They enable VMs to communicate with each other and with external physical networks through the physical network interface cards (pNICs).

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13
Q

What is a limitation of vSwitches?

A

Multiple vSwitches can be created under a virtualized server, but network traffic cannot flow directly from one vSwitch to another vSwitch within the same host, and the vSwitches cannot share the same pNIC.

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14
Q

What are 5 of the most popular vSwitches?

A
  • Cisco Nexus 1000VE Series Virtual Switch
  • Cisco Application Virtual Switch (AVS)
  • Open vSwitch (OVS)
  • IBM DVS 5000v
  • vSphere Switch
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15
Q

What is one of the downsides to standard vSwitches?

A

Every vSwitch that is part of a cluster of virtualized servers needs to be configured individually in every virtual host.

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16
Q

What is distributed virtual switching?

A

It is a feature that aggregates vSwitches together from a cluster of virtualized servers and treats them as a single distributed virtual switch.

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17
Q

What are 3 advantages to using distributed virtual switching?

A
  • Centralized mgmt simplifies administration
  • Migration of networking statistics and policies with virtual machines during a live VM migration
  • Configuration consistency across all the hosts that are part of the distributed switch
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18
Q

What do containers use vSwitches for?

A

To enable communication within a node (server) or with the outside world.

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19
Q

What is another name for vSwitches?

A

Virtual Bridges

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20
Q

What does Docker do by default?

A

It creates a virtual bridge called Docker0, and it is assigned the default subnet block 172.17.0.1/ 16. Every container created by Docker is assigned a virtual Ethernet interface (veth) on Docker0 and an IP address from 172.17.0.0/16.

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21
Q

What does the veth interface appear like to the container?

A

eth0

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22
Q

Can containers communicate with each other?

A

All containers can then communicate with each other only if they are within the same node.

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23
Q

How do you enable containers to communicate with containers in other nodes?

A

Routing at the OS level or by using an overlay network.

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24
Q

What happens if Docker is installed on another node?

A

If Docker is installed on another node using the default configuration, it ends up with the same IP addressing as the first node, and this needs to be resolved on a node-by-node basis.

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25
Q

What can be done to avoid having to manage duplicate IP addresses on Docker nodes?

A

Use a container orchestrator such as Kubernetes.

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26
Q

What is Network Function Virtualization (NFV)?

A

It is an architectural framework created by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)

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27
Q

What 2 things does the NFV architectural framework define?

A
  • Standards to decouple network functions from proprietary hardware such as routers and firewalls
  • How to manage and orchestrate the network functions
28
Q

What are 6 advantages of NFV?

A
  • Reduced capital expenditure
  • Faster time to market (TTM)
  • Improved ROI
  • Ability to scale up/down on demand
  • Openness to virtual appliance and software networking vendors
  • Ability to test new innovation with low risk
29
Q

What is Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure (NFVI) comprised of?

A

All the hardware and software components that comprise the platform environment in which virtual network functions (VNFs) are deployed.

30
Q

What are 5 examples of Cisco’s NFV?

A
  • CSR 1000v
  • Cloud Services Platform 2100 (CSP2100)
  • ISRv
  • NGFWv
  • ASAv
31
Q

What does the NFVI Manager do?

A
  • Manages and controlles the NFVI hardware and virtual resources
  • Collects performance measurements and fault information
  • Lifecycle management (setup, maintenance, and teardown) of all NFVI resources
  • VNF service chaining
32
Q

What is Service Chaining?

A

Chaining VNFs together to provide an NFV service or solution (i.e. connecting an IDS to a NGFW to a CSR1000v)

33
Q

What are Element Managers (Ems) or Element Management System (EMS)

A

They perform fault, configuration, accounting, performance, and security (FCAPS) functions for VNFs. A single EM can manage one or multiple VNFs, and an EM can also be a VNF.

34
Q

What is the NFV Orchestrator?

A
  • It is responsible for creating, maintaining, and tearing down VNF network services
  • Creates an end-to-end network service over multiple VNFs
  • Lifecycle mgmt of one or more VNFs
  • FCAPS for the virtual components of a VNF
35
Q

What is FCAPS?

A

Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security

36
Q

What is an NFV Orchestrator and VNF Manager together called?

A

NFV Management and Orchestration (MANO)

37
Q

What is OSS?

A

Operations Support System is a platform typically operated by service providers (SPs) and large enterprise networks to support all their network systems and services.

38
Q

What are 4 things that an OSS does?

A
  • Maintains network inventory
  • Provisions new services
  • Configures network devices
  • Resolves network issues
39
Q

What is BSS?

A

Business Support System - a combination of product management, customer management, revenue management (billing), and order management systems that are used to run the SP’s business operations

40
Q

What does OSS and BSS have in common?

A

They typically work in tandem to improve the overall customer experience.

41
Q

What is an example of North-South traffic?

A

North– south traffic comes into the hosting server through a physical NIC (pNIC) and is sent to a VNF; then it is sent from the VNF back out to the physical wire through the pNIC.

42
Q

What is an example of East-West traffic?

A

East– west traffic comes into the hosting server through a pNIC and is sent to a VNF. From there, it could be sent to another VNF (service chained) and possibly service chained to more VNFs and then sent back out to the physical wire through a pNIC.

43
Q

What is an example of combination North-South and East-West traffic?

A

a VNF uses a north– south traffic pattern for user data and an east– west traffic pattern to send traffic to a VNF that is just collecting statistics or that is just being used for logs or storage.

44
Q

What are traffic patterns important?

A

It is important to understand traffic flow direction when deciding which technology to use to switch traffic between VNFs as well as to the outside world.

45
Q

What process is repeated twice - once on physical server and once on VM?

A

data -> NIC RX ring ->NIC sends packet and packet descriptor via DMA to Main Memory buffer -> NIC sends IRQ to CPU -> CPU gives control to NIC driver which services the IRQ, receives packet, moves it into the network stack -> packet arrives in a socket and socket receive buffer -> then to OVS Virtual Switch -> OVS moves it from kernal to user space -> process repeated on the VM

46
Q

What 3 I/O technologies have been developed to avoid overhead and increase packet throughput?

A
  • OVS Data Plane Development Kit (OVS-DPDK)
  • PCI Passthrough
  • Single-root I/ O virtualization (SR-IOV)
47
Q

What is the Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK)

A
  • Operates in User space
  • Poll Mode Driver (PMD) constantly polls for data coming into the pNIC, processes it, bypasses network stack, CPU, kernel, then switched directly to the VNF
48
Q

What is PCI Passthrough?

A

Maps a VNF directly to a single pNIC

49
Q

What is the downside to PCI Passthrough?

A

Each VNF requires a dedicated pNIC

50
Q

What advantages are there to PCI Passthrough?

A
  • One-to-one mapping
  • Bypasses hypervisor
  • Direct access to I/O resources
  • Reduces CPU utilization
  • Reduces system latency
  • Increases I/O throughput
51
Q

What is Single-root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV)?

A
  • It is an enhancement to PCI passthrough
  • Allows multiple VNFs to share the same pNIC
  • Emulates multiple PCIe devices on a single PCIe device (such as a pNIC)
52
Q

What does SR-IOV call the emulated PCI device?

A

Virtual Functions (VFs)

53
Q

What does SR-IOV call the physical PCI device?

A

Physical Function (PFs)

54
Q

What are the 2 modes an SR-IOV-enabled pNIC can operate in?

A
  • Virtual Ethernet Bridge (VEB)
  • Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA)
55
Q

What is Virtual Ethernet Bridge (VEB) mode?

A

Traffic between VNFs attached to the same pNIC is hardware switched directly by the pNIC

56
Q

What is Virtual Ethernet Port Aggregator (VEPA) mode?

A

Traffic between VNFs attached to the same pNIC is switched by an external switch

57
Q

What is Cisco’s Enterpise Network Functions Virtualization (ENFV)?

A

Cisco solution that replaces physical firewalls, routers, WLC, load balancers, and so on with virtual devices running in a single x86 platform.

58
Q

What advantages come from ENFV?

A
  • Reduces the number of physical devices, truck rolls, technician visits
  • Simplifies roll out of new services, updates, VNFs
  • Centralized mgmt (DNA Center)
  • Enhances network operations flexibility
  • Supports SD-WAN
  • Supports 3rd party VNFs
59
Q

What 4 main components make up ENFV?

A
  • Management and Orchestration (MANO)
  • VNFs
  • Network Functions Virtualization Infrastructure Software (NFVIS)
  • Hardware Resources
60
Q

What are 2 main functions of DNA Center?

A
  • Roll out new branch locations
  • Deploy new VNFs and virtualized services.
61
Q

What do DNA Centers network profiles include?

A
  • Configuration for LAN and WAN virtual interfaces
  • Services or VNFs to be used, chaining parameters, CPU and memory requirements
  • Device configuration for VNFs
62
Q

What does NFVIS stand for?

A

Network Function Virtualization Infrastructure Software

63
Q

What 7 VNFs does Cisco support?

A
  • ISRv
  • ASAv
  • NGFWv
  • Viptela vEdge
  • cEdge
  • vWAAS
  • vWLC
64
Q

What 7 3rd party VNFs does Cisco support?

A
  • ThousandEyes
  • Fortinet
  • PaloAlto
  • InfoVista
  • CTERA
  • Windows server
  • Linux Server
65
Q

What components make up NFVIS?

A
  • Linux
  • Hypervisor by KVM
  • vSwitch by Open vSwitch (OVS)
  • VM Lifecycle Mgmt by imbedded Elastic Services Controller Lite
  • Plug and Play client
  • Orchestration
  • HTTPs Web Server
  • Device Mgmt
  • Role-based Access Control (RBOC)
66
Q

What x86 hosting platforms are available for NFVIS?

A
  • Cisco Enterprise Network Compute System (ENCS)
  • Cisco Cloud Services Platform
  • Cisco 4000-series ISRs with a Cisco UCS Series E blade
  • UCS C-series

CCNP Core (46 decks)

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