Chap 21 - Pharmacology Textbook Flashcards
1
Q
addiction
A
Physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug.
2
Q
additive action
A
Drug action in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each. ( 1+1=2 )
3
Q
aerosol
A
Particles of drug suspended in air.
4
Q
anaphylaxis
A
Exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered drug or foreign protein. (local or systemic)
5
Q
antagonistic action
A
Combination of two drugs gives LESS THAN an additive effect (action).
6
Q
antidote
A
Agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug.
7
Q
brand name
A
trademark or trade name of drug manufacturer
8
Q
chemical name
A
exact chemical makeup
9
Q
contraindications
A
Factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment.
10
Q
controlled substances
A
Drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have potential for abuse or addiction.
11
Q
dependence
A
Physiologic need for a drug due to prolonged use.
12
Q
dose
A
Amount of drug administered, milligrams.
13
Q
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
A
U.S. government agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use.
14
Q
generic name
A
Legal noncommercial name for a drug.
15
Q
iatrogenic
A
Condition caused by treatment (drugs or procedures) given by physicians or medical personnel.
16
Q
idiosyncratic reaction
A
Unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient but not seen in most people.
17
Q
inhalation
A
Administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth.
18
Q
medicinal chemistry
A
Study of new drug synthesis; relationship between chemical structure and biological effects.
19
Q
molecular pharmacology
A
Study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules such as enzymes, or cell surface receptors.
20
Q
oral administration
A
Drugs are given by mouth
21
Q
parenteral administration
A
Drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins - OUTSIDE of the GI tract
22
Q
pharmacist
A
Specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs.
23
Q
pharmacy
A
Location for preparing and dispensing drugs; also the study of preparing and dispensing drugs.
24
Q
pharmacodynamics
A
Study of drug effects within the body.
25
pharmacokinetics
Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time
26
pharmacologist
Specialist in the study of the properties, uses, and side effects of drugs.
27
pharmacology
Study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drugs.
28
Physicians’ Desk
| Reference (PDR)
Reference book that lists drug products.
PAID ADVERTISMENT
29
receptor
Target substance with which a drug interacts in the body.
30
rectal administration
Drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum.
31
resistance
Lack of beneficial response
32
response
Desired and beneficial effect of a drug.
33
schedule
Exact timing and frequency of drug administration.
34
side effect
Adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from the use of a drug.
35
sublingual administration
Drugs are given by placement under the tongue.
36
synergism (potentiation)
Combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone. (1+1=3)
37
syringe
Instrument (tube) for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body.
38
tolerance
waning action over time
39
topical application
Drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body
40
toxicity
Harmful effects of a drug
41
toxicology
Study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body.
42
transport
Movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells.
43
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
Authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing.
44
vitamin
Substance found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health.
45
ACE inhibitor
Lowers blood pressure. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor).
CARDIO
46
amphetamine
CNS stimulant
47
analgesic
relieves pain
48
androgen
male hormone
ENDO
49
anesthetic
reduces or eliminates sensation; general and local
50
angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARBs)
Lowers BP by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels.
CARDIO
51
antacid
neutralizes acid in the stomach
GI
52
antiandrogen
Slows the uptake of androgens or interferes with their effect in tissues
ENDO
53
antiarrhythmic
Treats abnormal heart rhythms.
CARDIO
54
antibiotic
Chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body.
Ex - antifungals, cephalosporins, erythromycin, tetracycline,
antituberculars, penicillins, quinolones, and sulfonamides.
55
anticoagulant
prevents blood clotting
56
anticonvulsant
prevents convulsions
57
antidepressant
relieves symptoms of depression
58
antidiabetic
Drug given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus.
59
antidiarrheal
prevents diarrhea
GI
60
antiemetic
prevents nausea and vomiting
61
antihistamine
Blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy.
62
antinauseant
Relieves nausea and vomiting; antiemetic.
GI
63
antiplatelet
Reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together and form a clot.
64
antiulcer
Inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach.
GI
65
antiviral
Acts against viruses such as herpesviruses and HIV.
66
aromatase inhibitor
Reduces estrogen in the blood by blocking the enzyme aromatase.
67
bactericidal
Kills bacteria
68
bacteriostatic
Inhibits bacterial growth
69
beta-blocker
Blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes; antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive.
CARDIO
70
bisphosphonate
prevents bone loss in osteoporosis
71
caffeine
CNS stimulant
72
calcium channel blocker (calcium antagonist)
Blocks the entrance of calcium into heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels; used as an antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive.
CARDIO
73
cardiac glycoside
Increases the force of contraction of the heart.
74
cardiovascular drug
Acts on the heart and blood vessels. This category of drug includes ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, cholesterol lowering drugs or statins, and diuretics.
75
cathartic
Relieves constipation.
GI
76
cholesterol-binding drug
Binds to dietary cholesterol and prevents its uptake from the GI tract.
77
cholesterol-lowering drug
Lowers cholesterol by preventing its production by the liver; statin.
CARDIO
78
diuretic
Increases the production of urine and thus reduces the volume of fluid in the body; antihypertensive.
CARDIO
79
emetic
promotes vomiting
80
endocrine drug
hormone or hormone-like drug
Ex - androgens, estrogens,
progestins, SERMs, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids.
81
estrogen
Female hormone that promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues.
ENDO
82
gastrointestinal drug
Relieves symptoms of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract.
Ex - antacids, antiulcer drugs, antidiarrheal drugs, cathartics, laxatives,
purgatives, and antinauseants (antiemetics).
83
glucocorticoids
Hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation.
ENDO
84
hypnotic
produces sleep or a trace-like state
85
laxative
weak cathartic
GI
86
narcotic
Habit-forming drug (potent analgesic) that relieves pain by producing stupor or insensibility; morphine and opium are examples.
87
progestin
Female hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is also used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and for hormone replacement therapy.
ENDO
88
prugative
relieves constipation; strong cathartic
89
respiratory drug
Treats asthma, emphysema, and infections of the respiratory system. (Bronchodilators)
90
sedative
A mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep. (Benzodiazepines)
91
stimulant
Excites and promotes activity. (caffeine, amphetamines)
92
thyroid hormone
Stimulates cellular metabolism.
ENDO
93
tranquilizer
Controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior.
94
aer/o
air
95
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
96
bronch/o
bronchial tube
97
chem/o
drug
98
cras/o
mixture
99
cutane/o
skin
100
derm/o
skin
101
erg/o
work
102
esthes/o
feeling, sensation
103
hist/o
tissue
104
hypn/o
sleep
105
iatr/o
treatment
106
lingu/o
tongue
107
myc/o
mold, fungus
108
narc/o
stupor
109
or/o
mouth
110
pharmac/o
drug
111
prurit/o
itching
112
pyret/o
fever
113
thec/o
sheath (of brain and spinal cord)
114
tox/o, toxic/o
poison
115
vas/o
vessel
116
ven/o
vein
117
vit/o
life
118
ana-
upward, excessive, again
119
anti-
against
120
contra-
against, opposite
121
par-
other than, apart from
122
syn-
together, with
123
Drugs
medicines/substances used to prevent or treat a condition or disease
124
Various sources
Plants: digitalis
Animals: hormones
Synthesized in lab: methotrexate
125
hospital formulary
gives info about characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage (application to patient care) as approved by that particular hospital.
126
by mouth
PO, p.o., po
127
sublingual
SL
128
rectal
R
129
parenteral
- intracavitary injection
- intradermal injection (ID)
- intramuscular injection (IM)
- intrathecal injection (think spinal)
- intravenous injection (IV)
- subcutaneous injection (SC)
130
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
increase bone formation
ENDO
131
a.c., ac
before meals
132
ad lib
freely, as desired
133
APAP
Acetaminophen
134
ARB
Angiotensin II receptor blocker
135
b.i.d., bid
2x a day
136
c
with
137
caps
capsules
138
Cc
cubic centimeter
139
gm, g
gram
140
gtt
drops
141
h
hour
142
h.s., hs
at bedtime
143
H2 blocker
Histamine h2 receptor antagonist
144
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
145
INH
Isoniazid-antituberculosis agent
146
MAOI
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
147
mg
milligram
148
ml, mL
milliliter
149
NPO
nothing by mouth
150
NSAID
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
151
p
after
152
p.c., pc
after meals
153
PCA
Patient-controlled analgesia
154
p.r.n., prn
as needed, as necessary
155
Pt
patient
156
q
every
157
q.h., qh
every hour
158
q2h
every 2 hours
159
q.i.d., qid
4x a day
160
q.s., qs
sufficient quantity
161
qAM
every morning
162
qPM
every evening
163
Rx
prescription
164
s
w/o
165
Sig.
direction - how to take med
166
s.o.s
if it is necessary
167
SSRI
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
168
tab
tablet
169
TCA
Tricyclic antidepressant
170
t.i.d., tid
3x a day
171
DO NOT USE LIST
U - units
IU - International Unit
q.d. - daily
q.o.d. - every other day
X.0 mg - write X mg
.X mg - write 0.X mg
MS - morphine sulfate
MgSO4 - magnesium sulfate
172
Warfarin (Coumadin)
| Heparin
anticoagulants
173
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
analgesic - mild
174
Lipitor
atorvastatin
cholesterol-lowering statin
175
Singulair
montelukast
antiallergy drug
176
Lexapro
escitalopram oxalate
antidepressant
177
Nexium
esomeprazole magnesium
antiulcer/anti-GERD
178
Synthroid
levothyroxine
hormone (thyroid gland)
179
Plavix
clopidogrel bisulfate
adenosine diphosphate (ADP) inhibitor
180
Toprol XL
metoprolol succinate
antihypertensive (beta-blocker)
181
Prevacid
lansoprazole
antiulcer/anti-GERD
182
Vytorin
simvastatin ezetimibe
cholesterol-lowering statin
183
Advair Diskus
cetirizine
antihistamine
184
Effexor XR
venlafaxine
extended release antidepressant
185
Protonix
pantoprazole
proton pump inhibitor
186
Diovan
valsartan
angiotension II receptor antagonist
187
Fosamax
alendronate
bone resorption inhibitor; calcium inhibitor
188
Zetia
ezetimibe
cholesterol-lowering statin
189
Crestor
rosuvastatin
cholesterol-lowering statin
190
Levaquin
levofloxacin
antibiotic
191
ProAir HFA
albuterol
bronchodilator
192
Celebrex
celecoxib
analgesic
193
Flomax
tamsulosin
alpha-adrenergic blocker
194
Norvasc
amlodipine
antihypertensive (calcium channel blocker)
195
Nasonex
mometasone
corticosteroid
196
Warfarin (Coumadin)
Anticoagulant
Blocks formation of several clot-forming factors in blood
197
Tissue-type plasminogen activator
| tPA
Dissolves clots and is used to open vessels after myocardial infarction
198
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Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Selective serotonin reputable inhibitors (SSRIs)
```
Increases the action of neurotransmitters by blocking their removal (reputable) from the synapses
199
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Increase the length of time neurotransmitters work by blocking monoamine oxidase, enzyme that normally inactivated neurotransmitters
200
Sulfonylureas
Lower the levels of glucose in the blood by stimulating production of insulin
201
Biguanides
Increase the body's sensitivity to insulin and reduce the production of glucose by the liver
202
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Temporarily block enzymes that digest sugars
203
Thiazolidinediones
Enhance glucose uptake into tissues
204
Meglitinides
Stimulate the beta calls in the pancreas to produce insulin
205
Calcitonin
Treat osteoporosis
206
Anti-TNF (tumor necrosis factor)
Rx used to treat autoimmune diseases - Crohn's, rheumatoid arthritis
207
anti-emetics
stops vomiting
208
anti-anginal
stops chest pains
