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Med Term - Exam 5 > Chap 19 - Oncology Textbook > Flashcards

Chap 19 - Oncology Textbook Flashcards

1
Q

Benign

A
  • slow growing
  • encapsulated and noninvasive
  • well-differentiated
  • do not spread
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2
Q

Malignant

A
  • rapidly multiplying
  • invasive and infiltrative
  • anaplastic and undifferentiated
  • metastatic
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3
Q

cystic

A

Forming large open spaces filled with fluid. (ovarian)

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4
Q

fungating

A

Mushrooming pattern of growth in which tumor cells pile one on top of another and project from a tissue surface. (colon)

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5
Q

inflammatory

A

Having the features of inflammation—that is, redness, swelling, and heat. (breast)

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6
Q

medullary

A

Large, soft, fleshy tumors. (thyroid and breast)

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7
Q

necrotic

A

containing dead tissue; loss of blood supply

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8
Q

polypoid

A

Growths that form projections extending outward from a base. (colon)

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9
Q

ulcerating

A

Characterized by an open, exposed surface resulting from the death of overlying tissue. (stomach, breast, colon, skin)

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10
Q

verruous

A

Resembling a wart-like growth. (gum)

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11
Q

alveolar

A

Tumor cells form patterns resembling small sacs (muscle, bone, fat, cartilage)

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12
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

Referring to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures.

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13
Q

diffuse

A

Spreading evenly throughout the affected tissue.

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14
Q

dysplastic

A

Containing abnormal-appearing cells that are not clearly cancerous.

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15
Q

epidermoid

A

Resembling squamous epithelial cells (thin, plate-like)

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16
Q

follicular

A

Forming small glandular sacs.

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17
Q

papillary

A

Forming small, finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells

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18
Q

pleomorphic

A

Composed of a variety of types of cells.

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19
Q

scirrhous

A

Densely packed (scirrhous means hard) tumors, due to dense bands of fibrous tissue. (breast, stomach)

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20
Q

undifferentiated

A

Lacking microscopic structures typical of normal mature cells.

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21
Q

cauterization

A

burning tissue to destroy it

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22
Q

core needle biopsy

A

small sample from center

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23
Q

cryosurgery

A

freezing

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24
Q

en bloc resection

A

resection of a large block of tumor and tissue (breast)

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25
Q

excisional biopsy

A

Removal and biopsy

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26
Q

exenteration

A

removal of the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space.

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27
Q

fine needle aspiration

A

fluid removal from lesion

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28
Q

fulguration

A

Destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by a high-frequency current.

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29
Q

incisional biopsy

A

incision into a lesion or a specific part of a lesion

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30
Q

brachytherapy

A

Implantation of small, sealed containers or seeds of radioactive material directly into the tumor (interstitial therapy); or in a cavity of the tumor (intracavitary therapy, as in endometrial cancer).

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31
Q

electron beams

A

Low-energy beams for treatment of skin or surface tumors.

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32
Q

external beam irradiation (teletherapy)

A

Radiation therapy applied to a tumor from a distant source (linear accelerator).

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33
Q

fields

A

Dimensions of the size of radiation area used to treat a tumor from a specific angle.

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34
Q

fractionation

A

A method of dividing radiation into small, repeated doses rather than fewer large doses. Fractionation allows larger total doses to be given while causing less damage to normal tissue.

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35
Q

gray (Gy)

A

Unit of absorbed radiation dose.

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36
Q

linear accelerator

A

increases the velocity of subatomic particles

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37
Q

photon therapy

A

smallest unit of radiation therapy using x-rays or gamma rays. A linear accelerator produces photon beams to treat tumors.

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38
Q

proton therapy

A

uses protons, less damaging to other tissues

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39
Q

radiocurable tumor

A

Tumor that can be completely eradicated by radiation therapy. Usually, this is a localized tumor with no evidence of metastasis.

Lymphomas, Hodgkin disease, and seminomas of the testes are examples

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40
Q

radioresistant tumor

A

Tumor that requires large doses of radiation to produce death of the cells.

Melanoma and renal carcinoma are the most radioresistant.

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41
Q

radiosensitive tumor

A

Tumor in which irradiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue (morbidity).

Tumors of hematopoietic (blood-forming) and lymphatic origins are radiosensitive.

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42
Q

radiosensitizers

A

drugs that make cells more sensitive to radiation

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43
Q

simulation

A

Study prior to radiation therapy using CT scan and/or MRI to map treatment. Simulation is required for all patients undergoing RT.

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44
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

Single large dose of radiation (Gamma Knife surgery) delivered from several different angles under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance to destroy a vascular abnormality (arteriovenous malformation, which is a tangle of blood vessels in the brain) or to treat small intracranial tumors

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45
Q

Alopecia

A

baldness

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46
Q

Fibrosis

A

increase in connective tissue in normal tissues

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47
Q

Infertility

A

inability to contribute to conception of a child

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48
Q

Mucositis

A

inflammation and ulceration of mucous membranes

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49
Q

Myelosuppression

A

bone marrow depression

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50
Q

Nausea and vomiting

A

as reaction to radiation therapy to the brain (vomiting center is located in the brainstem) or gastrointestinal tract (loss of epithelial lining tissue) Pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs)

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51
Q

Secondary tumors

A

new types of tumors, originating at a site separate from the primary tumor

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52
Q

Xerostomia

A

dryness of the mouth

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53
Q

Alkylating agents

A

directly damage DNA to prevent the cancer cell from reproducing

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54
Q

Antibiotics

A

anti-tumor antibiotics that interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication

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55
Q

Antimetabolites

A

are a class of drugs that interfere with DNA and RNA growth by substituting for the normal building blocks of RNA and DNA

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56
Q

Antimitotics

A

Mitotic inhibitors are often plant alkaloids and other compounds derived from natural products. They can stop mitosis or inhibit enzymes from making proteins needed for cell reproduction.

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57
Q

Hormonal agents

A

Drugs in this category are sex hormones, or hormone-like drugs, that change the action or production of female or male hormones

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58
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

Assisting primary treatment. Drugs are given early in the course of treatment, along with surgery or radiation to attack deposits of cancer cells that may be too small to be detected by diagnostic techniques.

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59
Q

alkylating agents

A

Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that attack DNA, causing strand breaks.

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60
Q

anaplasia

A

Loss of differentiation of cells

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61
Q

angiogenesis

A

Process of forming new blood vessels

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62
Q

antibiotics

A

Chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. They inhibit the growth of cells

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63
Q

antimetabolites

A

Chemicals that prevent cell division; inhibit formation of substances needed to make DNA

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64
Q

antimitotics

A

Drugs that block mitosis (cell division)

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65
Q

apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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66
Q

benign tumor

A

Noncancerous growth (neoplasm).

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67
Q

biological response modifiers

A

Produced by normal cells; directly block tumor growth or stimulate immune system to fight cancer

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68
Q

biological therapy

A

Use of the body’s own defenses to destroy tumor cells.

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69
Q

brachytherapy

A

Use of radiation placed directly on or within the cancer

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70
Q

carcinogens

A

Agents that cause cancer

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71
Q

carcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin. (90%)

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72
Q

cellular oncogenes

A

Pieces of DNA that, when activated by mutations or by dislocation, can cause a normal cell to become malignant.

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73
Q

chemotherapy

A

Treatment with drugs

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74
Q

combination chemotherapy

A

Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors.

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75
Q

dedifferentiation

A

Loss of differentiation of cells

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76
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis.

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77
Q

differentiating agents

A

Drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing, and die.

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78
Q

differentiation

A

Specialization of cells.

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79
Q

electron beams

A

Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors.

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80
Q

encapsulated

A

Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated.

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81
Q

external beam irradiation

A

Applying radiation to a tumor from a source outside the body.

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82
Q

fields

A

Dimensions of the area of the body undergoing irradiation.

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83
Q

fractionation

A

Giving radiation in small, repeated doses.

84
Q

genetic screening

A

Family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.

85
Q

grading of tumors

A

Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or differentiation

86
Q

gray (Gy)

A

Unit of absorbed radiation dose.

87
Q

gross description of tumors

A

Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye

88
Q

infiltrative

A

Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues.

89
Q

invasive

A

Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue.

90
Q

irradiation

A

Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays.

91
Q

linear accelerator

A

Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors.

92
Q

malignant tumor

A

Tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis.

93
Q

mesenchymal

A

Embryonic connective tissue

94
Q

metastasis

A

Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site

95
Q

microscopic description of

tumors

A

Appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope

96
Q

mitosis

A

Replication of cells

97
Q

mixed-tissue tumors

A

Tumors composed of different types of tissue

98
Q

modality

A

Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation.

99
Q

molecularly targeted drugs

A

Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells.

100
Q

morbidity

A

Condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function.

101
Q

mucinous

A

Containing mucus.

102
Q

mutation

A

Change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously.

103
Q

neoplasm

A

New growth; benign or malignant tumor.

104
Q

nucleotide

A

Unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.

105
Q

oncogene

A

Region of DNA in tumor cells or in viruses that cause cancer

106
Q

palliative

A

Relieving but not curing symptoms.

107
Q

pedunculated

A

Possessing a stem or stalk

108
Q

photon therapy

A

Subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body.

109
Q

radiation

A

Energy carried by a stream of particles.

110
Q

radiocurable tumor

A

Tumor that is destroyed by radiation therapy.

111
Q

radioresistant tumor

A

Tumor that requires large doses of radiation to be destroyed.

112
Q

radiosensitive tumor

A

Tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue.

113
Q

radiosensitizers

A

Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays.

114
Q

radiotherapy

A

Treatment of tumors using doses of radiation; radiation oncology.

115
Q

relapse

A

Recurrence of tumor after treatment.

116
Q

remission

A

Partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease.

117
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Cellular substance that represents a copy of DNA and directs the formation of new protein inside cells.

118
Q

sarcoma

A

Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue. (5%)

119
Q

serous

A

Having the appearance of a thin, watery fluid (serum).

120
Q

sessile

A

Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors.

121
Q

simulation

A

Study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before with

radiotherapy is given.

122
Q

solid tumor

A

Tumor composed of a mass of cells.

123
Q

staging of tumors

A

extent of spread in the body

124
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

Delivery of dose of radiation under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance (Gamma Knife surgery)

125
Q

steroids

A

Complex, naturally occurring chemicals derived from cholesterol. Some are used in cancer chemotherapy.

126
Q

surgical procedures to treat cancer

A

Methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy.

127
Q

viral oncogenes

A

Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant.

128
Q

virus

A

Infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself.

129
Q

alveol/o

A

small sac

130
Q

cac/o

A

bad

131
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer, cancerous

132
Q

cauter/o

A

burn, heat

133
Q

chem/o

A

chemical, drug

134
Q

cry/o

A

cold

135
Q

cyst/o

A

sac of cluid

136
Q

fibr/o

A

fibers

137
Q

follicul/o

A

small glandular sacs

138
Q

fung/i

A

fungus, mushroom

139
Q

medull/o

A

soft, inner part

140
Q

mucos/o

A

mucous membrane

141
Q

mut/a

A

genetic change

142
Q

mutagen/o

A

causing genetic change

143
Q

necr/o

A

death

144
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

145
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

146
Q

papill/o

A

nipple-like

147
Q

plas/o

A

formation

148
Q

ple/o

A

many, more

149
Q

polyp/o

A

polyp

150
Q

prot/o

A

first

151
Q

radi/o

A

rays

152
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh, connective tissue

153
Q

scirrh/o

A

hard

154
Q

xer/o

A

dry

155
Q

-blastoma

A

immature tumor

156
Q

-genesis

A

formation

157
Q

-oma

A

mass, tumor

158
Q

-plasia

A

formation, growth

159
Q

-suppression

A

to stop

160
Q

-therapy

A

treatment

161
Q

ana-

A

backward

162
Q

apo-

A

off, away

163
Q

brachy-

A

short (distance)

164
Q

epi-

A

upon

165
Q

meta-

A

beyond; change

166
Q

tele-

A

far

167
Q

cytogenetic analysis

A

Chromosomes of normal or tumor cells are examined for breaks, translocations, or deletions of DNA.

168
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

Localizing antigens or proteins in tissues using labeled (colored or fluorescent) antibodies.

169
Q

protein marker tests

A

Measure the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells.

170
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

Aspiration of bone marrow tissue and examination under a microscope for evidence of malignant cells.

171
Q

bone marrow or stem cell transplantation

A

Bone marrow or stem cells are infused intravenously into a patient.

172
Q

autologous marrow transplantation

A

marrow previously obtained from the patient and stored is reinfused when needed

173
Q

allogeneic marrow transplantation

A

marrow is obtained from a living donor other than the recipient.

174
Q

peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

A

immature blood cells called stem cells are selected and harvested from the blood of a patient instead of from the
bone marrow. After undergoing chemotherapy, the patient gets a reinfusion of the stem cells to repopulate the bone marrow with blood cells.

175
Q

core needle biopsy

A

Insertion of a large-bore needle into tissue to remove a core of cells for microscopic examination.

176
Q

exfoliative cytology

A

Cells are scraped from the region of suspected disease and examined under a microscope

177
Q

fiberoptic colonoscopy

A

Visual examination of the colon using a fiberoptic instrument.

178
Q

laparoscopy

A

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity using small incisions and a laparoscope. Also known as peritoneoscopy

179
Q

mammography

A

X-ray examination of the breast to detect breast cancer.

180
Q

PET/CT scan

A

Diagnostic procedure combining CT (computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography).

181
Q

radionuclide scans

A

Radioactive substances (radionuclides) are injected intravenously, and scans (images) of organs are obtained.

182
Q

most common in women

A

lung, breast, colon

183
Q

most common in men

A

lung, colon, prostate

184
Q

Carcinogenesis

A

transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous one

  • DNA fx
  • mitosis
  • protein synthesis
  • nucleotides
  • genes
  • mutation
185
Q

Carinogenesis

•Environmental agents

A
  • chem carcinogens
  • radiation
  • viruses (RNA, DNA)
  • oncogenes
186
Q

Cancers that are heredity

A

Retinoblastoma, polyposis coli, Wilm’s tumors, Ewing’s sarcomas

187
Q

Lung Carcinomas

A
  • adenocarcinoma (bronchioloalveolar)
  • large cell carcinoma
  • small cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell (epidermoid)
188
Q

Reproductive organs Carcinomas

A
  • adenocarcinoma (uterus)
  • carcinoma of the penis
  • choriocarcinoma (uterus, testes)
  • cystadenocarcinoma (ovaries)
  • seminoma, embryonal cell carcinoma (testes)
  • squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma (vagina, cervix)
189
Q

Skin Carcinomas

A
  • basal cell carcinoma
  • malignant melanoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
190
Q

bone

A
  • osteosarcoma

- Ewing sarcoma

191
Q

muscle

A
  • leiomyosarcoma (smooth)

- rhabdomyosarcoma (striated)

192
Q

cartilage

A

chondrosarcoma

193
Q

fat

A

liposarcoma

194
Q

fibrous tissue

A

fibrosarcoma

195
Q

Tis

A

carcinoma in situ

196
Q

Tx

A

positive malignant cytologic findings, no lesion observed

197
Q

T1

A

tumor

198
Q

T2

A

tumor > 3 cm diameter or assoc atelectasis-obstructive pneumopathy

199
Q

T3

A

Tumor with direct extension into the chest wall, diaphragm, mediastinum, pleura, or pericardium

200
Q

T4

A

Tumor invades the mediastinum or presence of a malignant pleural effusion

201
Q

protocol

A

detailed plan for treatment of an illness

202
Q

Cancer

A

Characterized by unrestrained and excessive growth of cells

203
Q

Debulking procedure

A

May be used to remove as much of primary tumor mass as possible

204
Q

Adjuvant (assisting)

A

Radiation therapy and/or chemo: after removal of primary tumor to prevent recurrence at distant sites

205
Q

leiomyosarcoma

A

smooth muscle sarcoma

206
Q

adenocarcinomas

A

cancerous (malignant) tumor of

glandular tissue

Med Term - Exam 5 (12 decks)

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