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Med Term - Exam 5 > Chap 19 - Oncology Review Sheets > Flashcards

Chap 19 - Oncology Review Sheets Flashcards

1
Q

loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive cell type:

A

anaplasia

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2
Q

extending beyond the normal tissue boundaries:

A

infiltrative

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3
Q

having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue:

A

invasive

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4
Q

spreading to a secondary site:

A

metastasis

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5
Q

replication of cells; two identical cells are produced from a parent cell

A

mitosis

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6
Q

change in the genetic material of a cell

A

mutation

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7
Q

genetic material within the nucleus that controls replication and protein synthesis

A

DNA

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8
Q

cellular substance (ribonucleic acid) that is important in protein synthesis

A

RNA

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9
Q

rays given off by the sun; can be carcinogenic

A

ultraviolet radiation

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10
Q

energy carried by a stream of particles from a radioactive source; can be carcinogenic

A

ionizing radiation

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11
Q

infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself

A

virus

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12
Q

a region of genetic material found in tumor cells and in viruses that cause cancer

A

oncogene

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13
Q

an agent (hydrocarbon, insecticide, hormone) that causes cancer

A

chemical carcinogen

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14
Q

solid tumor

A

tumor composed of a mass of cells

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15
Q

adenoma

A

tumor of glandular tissue (benign)

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16
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancerous (malignant) tumor of glandular tissue

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17
Q

osteoma

A

tumor of bone (benign)

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18
Q

osteosarcoma

A

flesh (connective tissue) tumor of bone (malignant

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19
Q

mixed-tissue tumor

A

tumor composed of different types of tissue (both epithelial and connective tissues)

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20
Q

neoplasm

A

new formation (tumor)

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21
Q

neurofibromatosis

A

benign tumors of supportive tissue (neurofibromatosis)

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22
Q

benign

A

noncancerous

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23
Q

differentiation

A

specialization of cells

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24
Q

small nipple-like projections

A

papillary

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25
Q

abnormal formation of cells

A

dysplastic

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26
Q

localized growth of cells

A

carcinoma in situ

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27
Q

densely packed; containing fibrous tissue

A

scirrhous

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28
Q

pattern resembling small, microscopic sacs

A

alveolar

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29
Q

small round, gland-type clusters

A

follicular

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30
Q

variety of cell types

A

pleomorphic

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31
Q

lacking structures typical of mature cells

A

undifferentiated

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32
Q

spreading evenly throughout the tissue

A

diffuse

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33
Q

resembling epithelial cells

A

epidermoid

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34
Q

containing dead tissue

A

necrotic

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35
Q

mushrooming pattern of growth: tumor cells pile on top of each other

A

fungating

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36
Q

characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces

A

ulcerating

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37
Q

characterized by redness, swelling, and heat

A

inflammatory

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38
Q

growths are projections from a base; sessile and pedunculated tumors are examples

A

polypoid

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39
Q

tumors form large, open spaces filled with fluid; serous and mucinous tumors are examples

A

cystic

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40
Q

tumors resemble wart-like growths

A

verrucous

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41
Q

tumors are large, soft, and fleshy

A

medullary

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42
Q

A is a cancerous tumor composed of cells of epithelial tissue. An example of such a cancerous tumor is a/an:

A

carcinoma; thyroid adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma

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43
Q

A is a cancerous tumor composed of connective tissue. An example of such a cancerous tumor is a/an:

A

sarcoma; liposarcoma,
chondrosarcoma, osteogenic
sarcoma

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44
Q

Retinoblastoma and adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome are examples of:

A

inherited cancers

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45
Q

The assessment of a tumor’s degree of maturity or microscopic differentiation is ________ of the tumor.

A

grading

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46
Q

The assessment of a tumor’s extent of spread within the body is known as:

A

staging

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47
Q

In the TNM staging system, T stands for _______, N stands for ________, and M stands
for ________

A

tumor; node; metastasis

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48
Q

The transformation of adult, differentiated tissue to differentiated tissue of another type is called:

A

metaplasia

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49
Q

The formation of new blood vessels is known as:

A

angiogenesis

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50
Q

fulguration

A

destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by

a high-frequency current

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51
Q

en bloc resection

A

removal of entire tumor and regional lymph node

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52
Q

incisional biopsy

A

cutting into a tumor and removing a piece to

establish a diagnosis

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53
Q

excisional biopsy

A

removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for

diagnosis and possible cure of small tumors

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54
Q

cryosurgery

A

freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells

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55
Q

cauterization

A

burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells

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56
Q

exenteration

A

wide resection involving removal of tumor, its organ

of origin, and surrounding tissue in the body space

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57
Q

The method of treating cancer using high-energy radiation is

A

radiation therapy

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58
Q

If tumor tissue requires large doses of radiation to kill cells, it is a/an ______ tumor.

A

radioresistant

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59
Q

If radiation can cause loss of tumor cells without serious damage to surrounding regions, the tumor is

A

radiosensitive

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60
Q

A tumor that can be completely eradicated by RT is a/an _____ tumor.

A

radiocurable

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61
Q

The method of giving radiation in small, repeated doses is:

A

fractionation

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62
Q

Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays are:

A

radiosensitizers

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63
Q

Treatment of cancerous tumors with drugs is:

A

chemotherapy

64
Q

Benign tumors of supportive cells in nervous system are:

A

neurofibromatosis

65
Q

The use of two or more drugs to kill tumor cells is:

A

combination chemotherapy

66
Q

A large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray or photon beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors is a/an:

A

linear accelerator

67
Q

Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones, antibiotics, and antimitotics all are types of ______________ agents.

A

chemotherapeutic agents

68
Q

Implantation of seeds of radioactive material directly into a tumor is

A

brachytherapy

69
Q

The unit of absorbed radiation dose is:

A

gray

70
Q

Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source is:

A

external beam radiation (teletherapy)

71
Q

Technique in which subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point is:

A

proton therapy

72
Q

The dimension of the area of the body that receives radiation is a/an:

A

field

73
Q

Study performed before RT using CT or MRI to map treatment is:

A

simulation

74
Q

Technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance to
destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors is:

A

stereotactic radiosurgery

75
Q

Ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw:

A

oral mucositis

76
Q

Radiation to the lungs causes inflammation of the lungs:

A

pneumonitis

77
Q

Chemotherapy for ovarian cancer causes loss of hair on the head:

A

alopecia

78
Q

Bone marrow destruction with leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia:

A

myelosuppression

79
Q

Radiation to the lungs causes increase in connective tissue

A

fibrosis

80
Q

Radiation of salivary glands causes dryness of the mouth:

A

xerostomia

81
Q

Chemotherapy may cause this sensation leading to vomiting:

A

nausea

82
Q

New type of growths arise at a site separate from the primary tumor:

A

secondary tumors

83
Q

Inability to contribute to conception of a child:

A

infertility

84
Q

modality

A

method of treatment

85
Q

adjuvant therapy

A

assisting treatment

86
Q

protocol

A

report or plan of steps taken in an experiment or disease case

87
Q

remission

A

absence of all signs of disease

88
Q

relapse

A

symptoms of disease return

89
Q

morbidity

A

conditions of damage to normal tissue; disease

90
Q

biological therapy

A

treatment that uses the body’s own defense mechanisms to fight tumor cells

91
Q

biological response modifiers

A

substances produced by normal cells that directly block tumor growth or that stimulate the immune system

92
Q

interferon

A

a biological response modifier that is made by lymphocytes

93
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

biological response modifiers that are made by mouse or human immune cells and are able to bind to tumor cells

94
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

95
Q

cachexia

A

malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation; usually associated with later stages of cancer

96
Q

differentiating agents

A

drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate (mature), stop growing, and die

97
Q

molecularly targeted drugs

A

anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in tumor cells

98
Q

nucleotide

A

unit of DNA composed of a sugar, phosphate, and base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine)

99
Q

test for the presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (a marker for testicular cancer)

A

beta-HCG test

100
Q

protein marker for ovarian cancer detected in the blood

A

CA-125

101
Q

visual examination of the abdominal cavity; peritoneoscopy

A

laparoscopy

102
Q

test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells

A

estrogen receptor assay

103
Q

removal of bone marrow tissue for microscopic examination

A

bone marrow biopsy

104
Q

obtaining a plug of tissue for microscopic examination

A

core needle biopsy

105
Q

blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer

A

PSA test

106
Q

blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen (marker for GI cancer)

A

CEA test

107
Q

cells are scraped off tissue and microscopically examined

A

exfoliative cytology

108
Q

an intravenous infusion of blood-forming cells

A

stem cell transplant

109
Q

aden/o

A

gland

110
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus; air sac; small sac

111
Q

cac/o

A

bad

112
Q

carcin/o

A

cancerous; cancer

113
Q

cauter/o

A

heat; burn

114
Q

chem/o

A

drug; chemical

115
Q

cry/o

A

cold

116
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

117
Q

follicul/o

A

follicle; small sac

118
Q

fung/i

A

fungus; mushroom (lower organism lacking chlorophyll)

119
Q

medull/o

A

medulla (inner section); middle; soft, marrow

120
Q

mucos/o

A

mucous membrane (mucosa)

121
Q

mut/a

A

genetic change

122
Q

mutagen/o

A

causing genetic change

123
Q

necr/o

A

death

124
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

125
Q

onc/o

A

tumor

126
Q

papill/o

A

nipple-like; optic disc (disk)

127
Q

pharmac/o

A

drug

128
Q

plas/o

A

development; formation; growth

129
Q

ple/o

A

more; many; varied

130
Q

polyp/p

A

polyp; small growth

131
Q

radi/o

A

x-rays; radioactivity; radius (lateral lower arm bone)

132
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh (connective tissue)

133
Q

scirrh/o

A

hard

134
Q

xer/o

A

dry

135
Q

-ary

A

pertaining to

136
Q

-blastoma

A

immature tumor (cells)

137
Q

-oid

A

resembling; originating from

138
Q

-oma

A

tumor; mass; fluid collection

139
Q

-plasia

A

development; formation; growth

140
Q

-plasm

A

formation; structure

141
Q

-ptosis

A

falling; drooping; prolapse

142
Q

-stasis

A

stopping; controlling; placing

143
Q

-stomia

A

condition of the mouth

144
Q

-suppression

A

stopping

145
Q

-therapy

A

treatment

146
Q

-tion

A

process

147
Q

ana-

A

up; apart; backward; again, anew

148
Q

anti-

A

against

149
Q

apo-

A

off, away

150
Q

brachy-

A

short

151
Q

dys-

A

bad; painful; difficult; abnormal

152
Q

epi-

A

above; upon; on

153
Q

hyper-

A

above; excessive

154
Q

meta-

A

change; beyond

155
Q

tele-

A

far

Med Term - Exam 5 (12 decks)

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