Chap 19 - Oncology Review Sheets Flashcards
loss of differentiation of cells and reversion to a more primitive cell type:
anaplasia
extending beyond the normal tissue boundaries:
infiltrative
having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue:
invasive
spreading to a secondary site:
metastasis
replication of cells; two identical cells are produced from a parent cell
mitosis
change in the genetic material of a cell
mutation
genetic material within the nucleus that controls replication and protein synthesis
DNA
cellular substance (ribonucleic acid) that is important in protein synthesis
RNA
rays given off by the sun; can be carcinogenic
ultraviolet radiation
energy carried by a stream of particles from a radioactive source; can be carcinogenic
ionizing radiation
infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself
virus
a region of genetic material found in tumor cells and in viruses that cause cancer
oncogene
an agent (hydrocarbon, insecticide, hormone) that causes cancer
chemical carcinogen
solid tumor
tumor composed of a mass of cells
adenoma
tumor of glandular tissue (benign)
adenocarcinoma
cancerous (malignant) tumor of glandular tissue
osteoma
tumor of bone (benign)
osteosarcoma
flesh (connective tissue) tumor of bone (malignant
mixed-tissue tumor
tumor composed of different types of tissue (both epithelial and connective tissues)
neoplasm
new formation (tumor)
neurofibromatosis
benign tumors of supportive tissue (neurofibromatosis)
benign
noncancerous
differentiation
specialization of cells
small nipple-like projections
papillary
abnormal formation of cells
dysplastic
localized growth of cells
carcinoma in situ
densely packed; containing fibrous tissue
scirrhous
pattern resembling small, microscopic sacs
alveolar
small round, gland-type clusters
follicular
variety of cell types
pleomorphic
lacking structures typical of mature cells
undifferentiated
spreading evenly throughout the tissue
diffuse
resembling epithelial cells
epidermoid
containing dead tissue
necrotic
mushrooming pattern of growth: tumor cells pile on top of each other
fungating
characterized by large, open, exposed surfaces
ulcerating
characterized by redness, swelling, and heat
inflammatory
growths are projections from a base; sessile and pedunculated tumors are examples
polypoid
tumors form large, open spaces filled with fluid; serous and mucinous tumors are examples
cystic
tumors resemble wart-like growths
verrucous
tumors are large, soft, and fleshy
medullary
A is a cancerous tumor composed of cells of epithelial tissue. An example of such a cancerous tumor is a/an:
carcinoma; thyroid adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
A is a cancerous tumor composed of connective tissue. An example of such a cancerous tumor is a/an:
sarcoma; liposarcoma,
chondrosarcoma, osteogenic
sarcoma
Retinoblastoma and adenomatous polyposis coli syndrome are examples of:
inherited cancers
The assessment of a tumor’s degree of maturity or microscopic differentiation is ________ of the tumor.
grading
The assessment of a tumor’s extent of spread within the body is known as:
staging
In the TNM staging system, T stands for _______, N stands for ________, and M stands
for ________
tumor; node; metastasis
The transformation of adult, differentiated tissue to differentiated tissue of another type is called:
metaplasia
The formation of new blood vessels is known as:
angiogenesis
fulguration
destruction of tissue by electric sparks generated by
a high-frequency current
en bloc resection
removal of entire tumor and regional lymph node
incisional biopsy
cutting into a tumor and removing a piece to
establish a diagnosis
excisional biopsy
removal of tumor and a margin of normal tissue for
diagnosis and possible cure of small tumors
cryosurgery
freezing a lesion to kill tumor cells
cauterization
burning a lesion to destroy tumor cells
exenteration
wide resection involving removal of tumor, its organ
of origin, and surrounding tissue in the body space
The method of treating cancer using high-energy radiation is
radiation therapy
If tumor tissue requires large doses of radiation to kill cells, it is a/an ______ tumor.
radioresistant
If radiation can cause loss of tumor cells without serious damage to surrounding regions, the tumor is
radiosensitive
A tumor that can be completely eradicated by RT is a/an _____ tumor.
radiocurable
The method of giving radiation in small, repeated doses is:
fractionation
Drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays are:
radiosensitizers
Treatment of cancerous tumors with drugs is:
chemotherapy
Benign tumors of supportive cells in nervous system are:
neurofibromatosis
The use of two or more drugs to kill tumor cells is:
combination chemotherapy
A large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray or photon beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors is a/an:
linear accelerator
Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones, antibiotics, and antimitotics all are types of ______________ agents.
chemotherapeutic agents
Implantation of seeds of radioactive material directly into a tumor is
brachytherapy
The unit of absorbed radiation dose is:
gray
Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source is:
external beam radiation (teletherapy)
Technique in which subatomic positively charged particles produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point is:
proton therapy
The dimension of the area of the body that receives radiation is a/an:
field
Study performed before RT using CT or MRI to map treatment is:
simulation
Technique in which a single large dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance to
destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors is:
stereotactic radiosurgery
Ulceration of lining cells in the mouth caused by radiation to the jaw:
oral mucositis
Radiation to the lungs causes inflammation of the lungs:
pneumonitis
Chemotherapy for ovarian cancer causes loss of hair on the head:
alopecia
Bone marrow destruction with leukopenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia:
myelosuppression
Radiation to the lungs causes increase in connective tissue
fibrosis
Radiation of salivary glands causes dryness of the mouth:
xerostomia
Chemotherapy may cause this sensation leading to vomiting:
nausea
New type of growths arise at a site separate from the primary tumor:
secondary tumors
Inability to contribute to conception of a child:
infertility
modality
method of treatment
adjuvant therapy
assisting treatment
protocol
report or plan of steps taken in an experiment or disease case
remission
absence of all signs of disease
relapse
symptoms of disease return
morbidity
conditions of damage to normal tissue; disease
biological therapy
treatment that uses the body’s own defense mechanisms to fight tumor cells
biological response modifiers
substances produced by normal cells that directly block tumor growth or that stimulate the immune system
interferon
a biological response modifier that is made by lymphocytes
monoclonal antibodies
biological response modifiers that are made by mouse or human immune cells and are able to bind to tumor cells
apoptosis
programmed cell death
cachexia
malnutrition marked by weakness and emaciation; usually associated with later stages of cancer
differentiating agents
drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate (mature), stop growing, and die
molecularly targeted drugs
anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors, and signaling pathways in tumor cells
nucleotide
unit of DNA composed of a sugar, phosphate, and base (adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine)
test for the presence of a portion of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (a marker for testicular cancer)
beta-HCG test
protein marker for ovarian cancer detected in the blood
CA-125
visual examination of the abdominal cavity; peritoneoscopy
laparoscopy
test for the presence of a hormone receptor on breast cancer cells
estrogen receptor assay
removal of bone marrow tissue for microscopic examination
bone marrow biopsy
obtaining a plug of tissue for microscopic examination
core needle biopsy
blood test for the presence of an antigen related to prostate cancer
PSA test
blood test for carcinoembryonic antigen (marker for GI cancer)
CEA test
cells are scraped off tissue and microscopically examined
exfoliative cytology
an intravenous infusion of blood-forming cells
stem cell transplant
aden/o
gland
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac; small sac
cac/o
bad
carcin/o
cancerous; cancer
cauter/o
heat; burn
chem/o
drug; chemical
cry/o
cold
fibr/o
fiber
follicul/o
follicle; small sac
fung/i
fungus; mushroom (lower organism lacking chlorophyll)
medull/o
medulla (inner section); middle; soft, marrow
mucos/o
mucous membrane (mucosa)
mut/a
genetic change
mutagen/o
causing genetic change
necr/o
death
neur/o
nerve
onc/o
tumor
papill/o
nipple-like; optic disc (disk)
pharmac/o
drug
plas/o
development; formation; growth
ple/o
more; many; varied
polyp/p
polyp; small growth
radi/o
x-rays; radioactivity; radius (lateral lower arm bone)
sarc/o
flesh (connective tissue)
scirrh/o
hard
xer/o
dry
-ary
pertaining to
-blastoma
immature tumor (cells)
-oid
resembling; originating from
-oma
tumor; mass; fluid collection
-plasia
development; formation; growth
-plasm
formation; structure
-ptosis
falling; drooping; prolapse
-stasis
stopping; controlling; placing
-stomia
condition of the mouth
-suppression
stopping
-therapy
treatment
-tion
process
ana-
up; apart; backward; again, anew
anti-
against
apo-
off, away
brachy-
short
dys-
bad; painful; difficult; abnormal
epi-
above; upon; on
hyper-
above; excessive
meta-
change; beyond
tele-
far
