Chap 21 - Pharmacology Review Sheets Flashcards
use of drugs in the treatment of disease
chemotherapy
study of new drug synthesis
medicinal chemistry
study of how drugs interact with their target molecules
molecular pharmacology
study of the harmful effects of drugs
toxicology
study of drug effects in the body
pharmacodynamics
measurement of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time
pharmacokinetics
Specialist in the study of the harmful effects of drugs on the body is a/n
toxicologist
Agent given to counteract harmful effects of a drug is a/an
antidote
Government agency with legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacture and clinical use is
Food and Drug Administration
The ___________ is the commercial name for a drug.
trade (brand) name
The ____________ is the complicated chemical formula for a drug.
chemical name
The _____________ is the legal noncommercial name for a drug.
generic name
Professional who prepares and dispenses drugs is a/an
pharmacist
Specialist (MD or PhD) who studies the properties, uses, and side effects of drugs is a/an
pharmacologist
Reference book listing drug products is
Physicians’ Desk Reference
Authoritative listing of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing is
United States Pharmacopeia
administered via suppository or fluid into the anus
rectal
administered via vapor or gas into the nose or mouth
inhalation
administered under the tongue
sublingual
applied locally on skin or mucous membrane
topical
injected via syringe under the skin or into a vein, muscle, or body cavity
parenteral
given by mouth and absorbed through the stomach or intestinal wall
oral
intravenous
within a vein
intrathecal
within a sheath (membranes around the spinal cord or brain)
antiseptic
an agent that works against infection
antipruritic
an agent that works against itching
aerosol
a solution of particles (drug) in air (vapor or gas)
intramuscular
within a muscle
subcutaneous
under the skin
intracavitary
within a cavity
addiction
physical and psychological dependence on a drug
dose
amount of drug administered
resistance
lack of beneficial response
response
desired and beneficial effect of a drug
schedule
exact timing and frequency of drug administration
dependence
prolonged use of a drug that may lead to physiologic need for its actions in the body
intravenous
blood transfusions
rectal
suppositories
oral
tablets or capsules
topical
lotions, creams, ointments
inhalation
aerosol medications
intrathecal
lumbar puncture
intramuscular
deep injection, usually in buttock
intradermal
skin testing for allergy
combination of two drugs is greater than the total effects of each drug by itself
synergism (potentiation)
combination of two drugs that is equal to the sum of the effects of each
additive action
effects of a given drug dose become less as treatment continues, and larger and larger doses must be given to achieve the desired effect
tolerance
an unexpected effect that may appear in a patient following administration of a drug
idiosyncrasy
two drugs give less than an additive effect (action)
antagonistic
antibiotic
an agent that inhibits or kills germ life (microorganisms)
antidepressant
an agent that relieves the symptoms of depression
antihistamine
an agent that blocks the action of histamine and relieves allergic symptoms
analgesic
an agent that relieves pain
anticoagulant
an agent that prevents blood clotting
anesthetic
an agent that reduces or eliminates
sensation
antidiabetic
an agent used to prevent diabetes
mellitus
sedative
an agent (mildly hypnotic) that relaxes and calms nervousness
stimulant
an agent that excites and promotes activity
tranquilizer
a drug used to control anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior
antihistamine
anaphylactic shock
analgesic
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
antidiabetic
insulin
anticoagulant
heparin
antibiotic
penicillin or erythromycin
stimulant
caffeine or amphetamines
sedative-hypnotic
benzodiazepine
tranquilizer
phenothiazine
beta-blocker
drug that blocks the action of epinephrine at sites of receptors of heart muscles, blood vessels, and bronchial tubes (antihypertensive, antianginal, and antiarrhythmic)
androgen
a drug that produces male sexual characteristics
glucocorticoid
a hormone from the adrenal glands that reduces inflammation and raises blood sugar
calcium channel blocker
a drug that blocks the entrance of calcium into heart muscle and blood vessel walls (antianginal, antiarrhythmic, and antihypertensive)
estrogen
a hormone that produces female sexual characteristics
antacid
a drug that neutralizes acid in the stomach
cathartic
a drug that relieves constipation
antiemetic
a drug that prevents nausea and vomiting
bronchodilator
a drug that opens air passages
hypnotic
an agent that produces sleep
diuretic
a drug that reduces the volume of blood and lowers blood pressure
cholesterol-lowering drug
a drug that reduces cholesterol
levels (treats hypercholesterolemia)
anticonvulsant
epilepsy
anticoagulant
thrombosis and embolism
antacid
epigastric discomfort
progestins
abnormal uterine bleeding caused by hormonal imbalance
antibiotic
streptococcal pharyngitis
ACE inhibitor
congestive heart failure and hypertension
bronchodilator
asthma
antihistamine
anaphylactic shock
tranquilizer
severe behavior disturbances and anxiety
analgesic
myalgia and neuralgia
agent that reduces fever:
antipyretic
agent that reduces itching:
antipruritic
habit-forming analgesic:
narcotic
two drugs cause an effect greater than the sum of each alone:
synergism
antibiotic derived from a red mold:
erythromycin
legal nonproprietary name of a drug:
generic
factor in a patient’s condition that prevents the use of a particular drug:
contraindication
drug that produces an absence of sensation or feeling:
anesthetic
Cephalosporins (such as cefuroxime and cefprozil) and penicillins are examples of a/an __________ drug.
antibiotic
Advil (ibuprofen) is an example of a/an ______________.
NSAID
Carbamazepine (Tegretol) and phenytoin (Dilantin) are examples of a/an ___________ drug.
anticonvulsant
Zovirax (acyclovir) and Crixivan (indinavir) are both types of a/an ___________ drug.
antiviral
Nolvadex (tamoxifen), used to treat estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer in women, is an example of a/an _________ drug.
antiestrogen
Patients with high blood pressure may need Vasotec (enalapril) or Zestril (lisinopril). Both of these
are examples of a/an ____________.
ACE inhibitor
Metformin (Glucophage) and rosiglitazone (Avandia) are two types of ____________ drugs.
oral antidiabetic for type 2 diabetes
Evista (raloxifene), used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, is an example of a selective estrogen receptor modulator or ________________.
SERM
Amitriptyline (Elavil) and fluoxetine (Prozac) are two types of a/an ____________ drug.
antidepressant
If you have an allergy, your doctor may prescribe Allegra (fexofenadine), which is a/an ____________ drug.
antihistamine
Two agents that reduce the amount of fluid in the blood and thus lower blood pressure are Lasix (furosemide) and Aldactone (spironolactone). These are______________ drugs.
diuretic
Xylocaine (lidocaine) and Pentothal (thiopental) are examples of a/an ____________ drug.
anesthetic
NSAID
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
p.r.n.
as needed
q.i.d
4 times a day
ad lib
freely as desired
t.i.d
3 times a day
mg
milligram
c
with
s
without
NPO
nothing by mouth
p.c.
after meals
b.i.d.
2 times a day
q.h.
every hour
PO
by mouth
q
every
1 tab PO q.i.d. p.c. and h.s.
take one tablet by mouth, four times a day, after meals and at bedtime
15-60 mg IM q4-6h
administer 15-60 milligrams intramuscularly, every 4-6 hours
2 caps p.o. h.s.
take two capsules by mouth at bedtime
1 tab SL p.r.n.
place one tablet under the tongue, as needed
Apply topically qhs prn
apply to the skin, at bedtime as needed
aer/o
air
alges/o
sensitivity to pain
bronch/o
bronchial tube
chem/o
drug, chemical
cras/o
mixture; temperament
cutane/o
skin
derm/o
skin
enter/o
intestines (usually small intestine)
erg/o
work
esthes/o
nervous sensation (feeling)
hist/o
tissue
hypn/o
sleep
iatr/o
physician; treatment
lingu/o
tongue
myc/o
fungus
narc/o
nas/o nose
or/o
mouth
pharmac/o
drug
prurit/o
itching
pyret/o
fever
thec/o
sheath
tox/o
poison
toxic/o
poison
vas/o
vessel; duct; vas deferens
ven/o
vein
vit/o
life
-amine
nitrogen compound
-dote
to give
-genic
produced by or in
-in
substance
-phylaxis
protection
-sol
solution
ana-
up; apart; backward; again, anew
anti-
against
contra-
against; opposite
par-
other than; abnormal
syn-
together; with
