Chap 21

Question 1

Genetic Engineering At Multiple Levels

Answer 1

• Animal Models (in vivo)
• Cell Models (ex vivo, in vitro)
• Cell-free (in vitro)

Question 2

Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 2

Ddds genes from one type
of organism to the genome of another
Ex: Insulin

Question 3

Creating Recombinant DNA Molecules steps

Answer 3

1. Restriction enzymes: cut DNA at specific sequence
2. Cloning vectors: pieces DNA used to delivery (insulin gene)
3. Recipient cells: bacteria or cultured single cells

Question 4

Restriction Enzymes

Answer 4

• Naturally found in bacteria.
• Use to cut DNA generate stick end.
• Insert foreign DNA sequence

Question 5

Cloning Vector

Answer 5

• Plasmids
• Bateriophages
• Disabled retroviruses
• Artificial chromosomes from bacteria and yeast

Question 6

Ligase Enzymes

Answer 6

• Seal cloning vector and donor DNA

Question 7

Animal Models

Answer 7

Transgenic animals are far more useful as model of human diseases.

Question 8

Limitation for animal model

Answer 8

• Could not control where a transgene inserted,
  and how many copies inserted.
• The level of gene expression is different
• Differences in development or symptoms

Question 9

Gene Silencing

Answer 9

Techniques block synthesis of, or degrade, mRNA.

Question 10

Genome editing

Answer 10

Techniques create double-stranded breaks in the DNA double helix, enabling insertion of a desired DNA sequence or removal of a sequence.

Question 11

Antisense RNA

Answer 11

-Bind to mRNA, preventing its translation into protein.

Question 12

Morpholino

Answer 12

25 DNA bases bonded to each other by organic groups that are not the sugar-phosphate
ones in DNA.
- Block splice-site mutations that would
otherwise delete entire exons.

Question 13

Ribozyme

Answer 13

• RNA in the ribosome that has a catalytic activity like enzymes.
• Cut RNA molecule

Question 14

RNA interference

Answer 14

• Cut dsRNA by Dicer into siRNAs
• siRNAs target mRNA, prevent ribosome attach, no translation

Question 15

Applications of RNA Interference

Answer 15

• Create vaccine by knocking down key gene in virus
• Treat cancer by silencing oncogene
• Better taste Decaf coffee