Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Gen > Chap 19 > Flashcards

Chap 19 Flashcards

Genetics of Immunity

1
Q

Three Levels of Immune Protection

A

-The skin and its associated organisms (mucus, lysozyme)
- Innate immune system (nonspecific, imflammation)
- Adaptive immune system (specific, T cell, B cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Influenza Virus

A

(-) sRNA
- 3 Type A, B, C
- Hemagglutinin (HA)
- Neuraminidase (NA)
- Receptor: sialic acid
- Antigenic shift─ large scale changes
- Antigenic drift ─ small scale changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

SARS-CoV-2 Virus

A

(+) sRNA
- Receptor: ACE2
- Six coronaviruses known to cause colds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
Chromosome?
Class?

A

-MHC in humans
-Antigen presentation in humans
-Set 9 genes in chromosome 6
-Class I: Found on all cell type, CD8+
-Class II: Found on APC, CD4+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) Definition
Type?

A

-Cells that bind antigens with HLA glycoproteins
- Types:
* Macrophages
* B cells (or B Lymphocytes)
* Dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells
Function

A
  1. Phagocytosis of the microbial invader.
  2. Antigens from the dismantled invader are attached to
    MHC self proteins.
  3. MHC proteins and their attached antigens are displayed
    on macrophage surface. (ER -> golgi -> surface)
  4. Helper T cells recognize antigens and MHC proteins and
    bind to the macrophage, initiating a series of immune
    events
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lymph

A

-The fluid filling the lymph ducts
- Carries macrophages and B and T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organs involved in production or maturation of immune cells

A
  • Spleen and thymus
  • Bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf bacteria and stimulate helper T cells to proliferate and activate B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bone Marrow

A

T cells, B cells, and macrophages originate in the bone marrow and migrate in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T cells

A

Mature in the thymus gland, in the small intestine,
and the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

B cells

A

Are released from the lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen and lymph nodes, and secrete antibodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Physical Barriers

A

First line of Defense, nonspecific
Ex: Skin, Mucus membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Innate Immune Response

A
  • Activated by toll-like receptor on macrophages and dendritic cells
  • Cytokines
  • Collectins
  • The complement system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inflammation

A
  • Innate immune
    response
  • Phagocytosis
  • Increase blood flow, swollen, red
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Complement

A

Puncture bacteria, dismantle viruses, activate
mast cells to release histamine, attract
phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Collectins

A

Recognize how surfaces of bacteria, yeasts, and
some viruses differ from the surfaces of human
cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Interferons

A

Antiviral, block replication, attack cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Interleukins

A

Fever, control lymphocyte differentiation and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

-Requires stimulation
-Diversity
-Specificity
-Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Humoral immune response

A

-B cells produce antibodies
in response to activation by Helper T cells
-Plasma cells: secrete antibodies
-Memory cells: wait for second exposure.

22
Q

Cellular immune response

A

T cells produce cytokines
and activate other cells.

23
Q

Antibody Structure

A
  • Two long heavy chains
  • Two shorter light chains
  • Constant region
  • Variable region
  • Antigen binding site
24
Q

Epitope

A

Portion of the antigen contacting the antibody

25
Q

Idiotypes

A

Sites in direct contact with antigen

26
Q

Function of Antibodies

A
  • Inactivate a pathogen or neutralize
  • Making pathogen visible
  • Activate complement system
27
Q

Five antibodies

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

28
Q

Type of T Cells

A

Helper T cells: CD4+
Cytoxic T cell: CD8+
Regulatory T cell: Suppress immune system

29
Q

Helper T cells function

A

Recognize antigen and activate B cells
Also activate Cytotoxic T cell and release cytokines

30
Q

Cytotoxic T cell function

A
  • Find to antigen
  • Release perforin to kill cells
31
Q

Macrophage

A
  • Present Antigens and perform phagocytosis
  • Release interleukin 1 to Helper T cell
32
Q

Dendritic cell

A
  • Also present antigens
33
Q

Atypical immunity

A
  • Maybe inherited or acquired
  • At least 20 types
  • EX:
    - SCID (lack B cells, T cells)
34
Q

HIV

A
  • Bind to CD4 and CCR5 coreceptors
  • Replicate and burst out of Helper T cell, killing it
  • No Helper T cell -> No B cell activation
  • Bind to chromosome
35
Q

How HIV infects

A
  • Bind receptor and enter cell
  • Reverse Transcriptase helps turn into viral DNA
  • Become a template
  • Integrate to genome ( chromosome)
  • Transcribe to mRNA then protein -> new viral
36
Q

Reverse transcriptase
inhibitor

A

Blocks copying of viral RNA into DNA

37
Q

Protease inhibitor

A

Blocks shortening of certain viral
proteins

38
Q

32-base deletion of CCR5

A

resistant to HIV infection

39
Q

Autoinflammatory diseases

A

overreaction of the innate
immune response, cause excess inflammation.

40
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A
  • overreaction of the adaptive immune response, cause inflammation and abs attack cells
  • polygenic and multifactorial
    Ex: Lupus
  • 80% are females
41
Q

Allergy

A
  • Immune system response
  • Size of allergen determine type of response
  • Both humoral and cellualr take part in
  • Cause by binding of IgE -> release histamine
  • Histamine and other chemical cause inflammation
42
Q

Rh Incompatibility

A

-No Rh antigen mother incompatible with Rh antigen father
- First pregnancy: mild reaction to fetus
- Second pregnancy: mother’s antibodies, large damage to fetus
- Solution: RhoGAM prevent formation of anti-rh antibodies

43
Q

Altering Immunity

A
  • Vaccine
  • Antibiotic drug from fungi and soil bacteria
  • Cytokines
44
Q

Vaccination

A

An inactive, disabled or part of a pathogen that
stimulates the immune system to alert B cells to produce antibodies.

45
Q

Type of Vac

A
  • Live attenuated
  • Inactivated
  • Viral vector
    -Virus-like particle
  • DNA, mRNA
46
Q

Herd immunity

A

Vaccinating enough people in a population stops the
spread of infection as pathogens enter protected human bodies

47
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Monoclonal antibodies: use to detect and target specific antigen

48
Q

Vaccination Hesitancy

A
  • Refuse to vaccine despite availability
49
Q

Transplantation

A
  • Autograft: From one person to self
  • Isograft: From identical twin (best)
  • Allograft: Members of same species
  • Xenograft: From another species
  • Must match HLA
50
Q

Graft Rejection

A

Immune system reacts to grafted tissue recognized as foreign by trying to destroy it

Human Gen (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions