Chap. 2: Historical & contemporary views of abnormal behavior

Question 1

First views of mental disorders

Answer 1

• 1st view: spirits (good vs evil)
• Hippocrates: problems in the human body (mania, etc)
• Plato: study those who committed crimes
• Galen: psychological disorders had physical causes or mental causes

-Chinese medicine: natural causes (yin and yang)

Question 2

Views during 1500s and 1600s

Answer 2

• scientific questioning in Europe
• Paracelsus: supernatural influence over brain
  (Mania= disease)
• Weyer: not witchcraft by mental illness
• St. Vincint de Paul: no different than bodily disease

Question 3

Early Asylums

Answer 3

• asylum: place of refuge meant solely for care of people w/ mental illness
• “Bedlam”: public viewing of violent patients for 1 penny
• U.S. asylums: aimed to restore physical balance in body and brain
• asylums around for about 200 yrs.

Question 4

Pinel’s experiment & Tuke’s work in England

Answer 4

• Philippe Pinel removed chains from some patients
• Tuke: York retreat
• radical ideas that changed public perceptions
• COUNTRY ASYLUMS ACT: providing more humane treatment

Question 5

Rusha & Moral Management in America: Moral Management

Answer 5

• Moral Management: treatment that focused on a patient’s social. individual, and occupational needs
  - emphasized moral and spiritual development & rehabilitation of “character”
  - EFFECTIVE

Question 6

Rusha & Moral Management in America: Benjamin Rush

Answer 6

founder of American psychiatry

• advocated for humane treatment
• 1st American to organize a course in psychiatry
• still had inhumane treatments though

Question 7

Dix & the Mental Hygiene Movement: Dorthea Dix

Answer 7

• Dix: champion of poor and “forgotten people” of mental instsitutions
• important force for humane treatment
• began teaching in a prison after she herself got sick w/ TB

Question 8

Dix & the Mental Hygiene Movement: Mental Hygiene Movement

Answer 8

• treatment that focused exclusively on the physical well-being of hospitalized patients
• met with resistance
• established 32 mental hospitals

Question 9

Views 1800s and 1900s

Answer 9

• more humane treatment
• realization inhumane treatments didn’t work
• effective treatments not available
• moral management
• mental health poorly undersood

Question 10

mental hospital care in 20th century

Answer 10

• period of growth
• mistreatment still occurs (ex., straight jacket)
• many housed in state hospitals - long stays
• National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) created
• push to change institutionalization during this time

Question 11

mental hospital care in 20th century: Hill-Burton Act & Community Mental Health Act 1963:

Answer 11

• help create outpatient clinics, inpatient facilities in general hospitals, and community consultations and rehabilitation programs

Question 12

More modern views

Answer 12

• scientific advancements :
  - medication
  - link between brain & mental health factors
• understanding of psychological factors (Freud led the way)
• Mesmerism: Hypnosis
• psychoanalysis
  - free association
  - Dream Analyses

Question 13

Experimental Psychological Research

Answer 13

• experimental psychology study methodology, applied to clinical populations
• Scientific Journals