Chap 2 - Biomedical Perspective on Gender and Sexuality Flashcards
The process of producing offspring
Reproduction
Organ system by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring
human reproductive system
external sex organs
genitals
sex characteristic that are present at birth
Primary Sex Characteristics
Sex characteristics that emerge during puberty.
Secondary Sex Characteristics
reproductive organs of human
gonads
female gonads
ovaries
male gonads
testis
the monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation ( loss of blood and tissues lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy
menstrual cycle
consequences of risksy sexual behaviors
teenage or unwanted pregnancy
What are the health effects of early pregnancy in the growing adolescent?
-obstructed labor
- excessive vomitting
- severe anemia
- hypertension
- convulsions
- difficulty in breast feeding
- premature and low birth weight babies
- high maternal mortality/ death
How does contraception, condom works?
rolled over penis, effectiveness 80-85 %, low cost, easily accessible, and reduce risk of STDs/STIs
How does Implant Contraception works?
Continuous release of hormones, 99%, continuous birth control for five years
This contraception allows woman to keep track of “safe” days for sex, 85% but in reality about 60%, no cost and under control of woman
Calendar rythm method
Passageway for the sperm or egg is surgically tied, 100 % but exceptions have been known to take place, highly effective, permanent and one time expense
surgical sterilization
this alters natural ovulation cycle, theoritically 99 - 100 % but women have conceived on the “______”, low cost, easily accessible, and controlled by the woman.
Pill
This prevents semen from going into the vagina, 85% but in realiity, about 70%, no cost under the control of man and woman involved
withdrawal
this is inserted inside the uterus by a doctor, 95% - 98%, long lasting and relatively inexpensive
UID
What are the identified sexual risks found among filipinos
- sexual promiscuity
- regular use of drugs and alcohol
- repeated violation of the law or school regulation
- running away more than once in three months
- skipping school more than once in three months
- aggressive outburst/impulsiveness
-dark drawings or writings - deterioration in hygeine
- oppositional behavior
- refusal to work/non compliance
- chronic lateness
- falling asleep in class
- change in physical appearance
- excessive daydreaming
these are diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual contact ( vaginal, oral, or anal sex)
STI or STD ( Infections, Diseases)
STIs commonly include
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes, and genital warts
most embryos are consistent on the five biological definitions of sex ( gonads, chromosomes, hormones, internal and external reproductive structures), 23/10000, if these are not consistent, this is called,
intersexed birth
what are the causes of intersex
Chromosomal Level Inconsistencies
Hormonal Level Inconsistencies
abnormal complement of sex chromosomes
chromosomal level inconsistencies
abnormal activities of hormones
hormonal level inconsistencies
This happens when sperm fail to divide properly , that is, what is called __________ occurs, one kind of sperm produced will have neither an X nor a Y chromosome. It this sperm fertilizes a normal egg, the offspring will only have an X chromosome.
Turner’s Syndrome, nondisjunction
The person appears to be female because although it lacks ovaries, it possesses some external female characteristics.
Turner’s Syndrome
Another case of nondisjunctioin is a sperm produced with both an X and a Y chromosome, or two Y chromosomes, resulting in the XXY chromosome abnormalities
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
No interest in sex, low testosterone level
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
A person born with this chromosomal characteristic has the height of a normal male, with long legs, an absent or weak sex drive, “feminized” hips, some breast development, and a small penis and testes
Klinefleter’s syndrome ( XXY)
Presence of extra X stops development of male structures, resulting in sterility
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Occurs in about 1/2,000 births
A person born with this chromosomal characteristic is an anatomical male with no physical abnormalities, except for unusual height.
Jacob’s Syndrome (XYY)
The extra Y chromosome does not result in the person’s having more ___________ than an XY male. Such persons appear to be able to reproduce successfully and rarely come to the attention of investigators, except through large-scale screening of newborns.
androgens, Jacob’s Syndrome
Hypotonia
involuntary muscle movements
taller than average height
larger head dimensions
low testosterone levels
infertility
Jacob’s syndrome ( XYY syndrome)
This too occurs roughly in 1/2,000 live births.
People born with this chromosomal characteristic are anatomically females and show few visible signs of abnormality, although they tend to be taller than XX females and have a slightly higher incidence of learning disorders
Triple X syndrome ( XXX)
Delayed motor development, low IQ, delayed speech, ADHD, Abdominal pain
Triple X syndrome ( XXX)
An XX fetus receives an excessive amount of androgens
Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) or Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
Untreated females with AGS have normally functioning ovaries and normal internal female sexual organs but a masculinized external appearance.
Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) or Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
- This can vary from a slightly enlarged clitoris to a nearly normal-size penis with an empty scrotum.
- If treated with _________ from birth on, these females will have a later menarche than normal but will be able to conceive, lactate, and deliver babies normally.
Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) or Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), cortisol
Fetuses that are chromosomally male with genitals that are ambiguous or that look more like a clitoris than a penis.
It cannot be treated by administering androgen after birth because the cells remain incapable of responding to androgen. At puberty, _____ persons develop breasts and a feminine body shape, and identify as females.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
-Results in female genitals, including a shallow, but nonfunctional vagina
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Raised as girls, they assume a female gender identity and thrive as females
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
XY male has the genital appearance of a female, production of androgens remains normal but they lack the androgen receptor that enables it to activate the genes in a cell’s nucleus.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Phenotypically female, symptoms do not appear till puberty, absen menses, external genitalia is normal, vaginal depth is short, not ovaries, atrophic testes, well developed breasts, Greater incidence of MELBOMIAN GLAND DYSFUNCTION)
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Chromosomally normal females exposed to excessive androgens
At birth genitals appear to be male
“Corrected” by minor surgery, most still reject a female gender identity with some assuming a male gender identity and behavior.
Fetally Androgenized Females
Males who cannot produce crucial DHT
DHT - Lacking Males
a hormone with powerful androgenic actions, causes the body to mature during puberty and is responsible for many of the physical characteristics associated with adult males.
Dihydrotestosterone
Result – female appearing external genitals, at least initially.
Typically raised as girls, they suddenly sprout into males at puberty.
In one study, 16 of 18 cast off their female gender identity and happily assumed male sex roles.
DHT-Lacking Males
the growth of coarse, dark hair in areas where women typically grow fine hair or no hair at all: above the lip and on the chin, chest, abdomen, and back.
caused by an increased level of male hormones (androgens)
hirsutism
_________ is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors.
Nature
_______ is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.
Nurture
