Chap 2 - Biomedical Perspective on Gender and Sexuality

Question 1

The process of producing offspring

Answer 1

Reproduction

Question 2

Organ system by which humans reproduce and bear live offspring

Answer 2

human reproductive system

Question 3

external sex organs

Answer 3

genitals

Question 4

sex characteristic that are present at birth

Answer 4

Primary Sex Characteristics

Question 5

Sex characteristics that emerge during puberty.

Answer 5

Secondary Sex Characteristics

Question 6

reproductive organs of human

Answer 6

gonads

Question 7

female gonads

Answer 7

ovaries

Question 8

male gonads

Answer 8

testis

Question 9

the monthly ovulation cycle that leads to menstruation ( loss of blood and tissues lining the uterus) in the absence of pregnancy

Answer 9

menstrual cycle

Question 10

consequences of risksy sexual behaviors

Answer 10

teenage or unwanted pregnancy

Question 11

What are the health effects of early pregnancy in the growing adolescent?

Answer 11

-obstructed labor
- excessive vomitting
- severe anemia
- hypertension
- convulsions
- difficulty in breast feeding
- premature and low birth weight babies
- high maternal mortality/ death

Question 12

How does contraception, condom works?

Answer 12

rolled over penis, effectiveness 80-85 %, low cost, easily accessible, and reduce risk of STDs/STIs

Question 13

How does Implant Contraception works?

Answer 13

Continuous release of hormones, 99%, continuous birth control for five years

Question 14

This contraception allows woman to keep track of “safe” days for sex, 85% but in reality about 60%, no cost and under control of woman

Answer 14

Calendar rythm method

Question 15

Passageway for the sperm or egg is surgically tied, 100 % but exceptions have been known to take place, highly effective, permanent and one time expense

Answer 15

surgical sterilization

Question 16

this alters natural ovulation cycle, theoritically 99 - 100 % but women have conceived on the “______”, low cost, easily accessible, and controlled by the woman.

Answer 16

Pill

Question 17

This prevents semen from going into the vagina, 85% but in realiity, about 70%, no cost under the control of man and woman involved

Answer 17

withdrawal

Question 18

this is inserted inside the uterus by a doctor, 95% - 98%, long lasting and relatively inexpensive

Answer 18

UID

Question 19

What are the identified sexual risks found among filipinos

Answer 19

• sexual promiscuity
• regular use of drugs and alcohol
• repeated violation of the law or school regulation
• running away more than once in three months
• skipping school more than once in three months
• aggressive outburst/impulsiveness
  -dark drawings or writings
• deterioration in hygeine
• oppositional behavior
• refusal to work/non compliance
• chronic lateness
• falling asleep in class
• change in physical appearance
• excessive daydreaming

Question 20

these are diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual contact ( vaginal, oral, or anal sex)

Answer 20

STI or STD ( Infections, Diseases)

Question 21

STIs commonly include

Answer 21

Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital herpes, and genital warts

Question 22

most embryos are consistent on the five biological definitions of sex ( gonads, chromosomes, hormones, internal and external reproductive structures), 23/10000, if these are not consistent, this is called,

Answer 22

intersexed birth

Question 23

what are the causes of intersex

Answer 23

Chromosomal Level Inconsistencies
Hormonal Level Inconsistencies

Question 24

abnormal complement of sex chromosomes

Answer 24

chromosomal level inconsistencies

Question 25

abnormal activities of hormones

Answer 25

hormonal level inconsistencies

Question 26

This happens when sperm fail to divide properly , that is, what is called __________ occurs, one kind of sperm produced will have neither an X nor a Y chromosome. It this sperm fertilizes a normal egg, the offspring will only have an X chromosome.

Answer 26

Turner's Syndrome, nondisjunction

Question 27

The person appears to be female because although it lacks ovaries, it possesses some external female characteristics.

Answer 27

Turner's Syndrome

Question 28

Another case of nondisjunctioin is a sperm produced with both an X and a Y chromosome, or two Y chromosomes, resulting in the XXY chromosome abnormalities

Answer 28

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Question 29

No interest in sex, low testosterone level

Answer 29

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Question 30

A person born with this chromosomal characteristic has the height of a normal male, with long legs, an absent or weak sex drive, “feminized” hips, some breast development, and a small penis and testes

Answer 30

Klinefleter's syndrome ( XXY)

Question 31

Presence of extra X stops development of male structures, resulting in sterility

Answer 31

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Question 32

Occurs in about 1/2,000 births A person born with this chromosomal characteristic is an anatomical male with no physical abnormalities, except for unusual height.

Answer 32

Jacob's Syndrome (XYY)

Question 33

The extra Y chromosome does not result in the person’s having more ___________ than an XY male. Such persons appear to be able to reproduce successfully and rarely come to the attention of investigators, except through large-scale screening of newborns.

Answer 33

androgens, Jacob's Syndrome

Question 34

Hypotonia involuntary muscle movements taller than average height larger head dimensions low testosterone levels infertility

Answer 34

Jacob's syndrome ( XYY syndrome)

Question 35

This too occurs roughly in 1/2,000 live births. People born with this chromosomal characteristic are anatomically females and show few visible signs of abnormality, although they tend to be taller than XX females and have a slightly higher incidence of learning disorders

Answer 35

Triple X syndrome ( XXX)

Question 36

Delayed motor development, low IQ, delayed speech, ADHD, Abdominal pain

Answer 36

Triple X syndrome ( XXX)

Question 37

An XX fetus receives an excessive amount of androgens

Answer 37

Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) or Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 38

Untreated females with AGS have normally functioning ovaries and normal internal female sexual organs but a masculinized external appearance.

Answer 38

Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) or Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 39

- This can vary from a slightly enlarged clitoris to a nearly normal-size penis with an empty scrotum. - If treated with _________ from birth on, these females will have a later menarche than normal but will be able to conceive, lactate, and deliver babies normally.

Answer 39

Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS) or Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), cortisol

Question 40

Fetuses that are chromosomally male with genitals that are ambiguous or that look more like a clitoris than a penis. It cannot be treated by administering androgen after birth because the cells remain incapable of responding to androgen. At puberty, _____ persons develop breasts and a feminine body shape, and identify as females.

Answer 40

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

Question 41

-Results in female genitals, including a shallow, but nonfunctional vagina

Answer 41

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

Question 42

Raised as girls, they assume a female gender identity and thrive as females

Answer 42

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

Question 43

XY male has the genital appearance of a female, production of androgens remains normal but they lack the androgen receptor that enables it to activate the genes in a cell's nucleus.

Answer 43

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

Question 44

Phenotypically female, symptoms do not appear till puberty, absen menses, external genitalia is normal, vaginal depth is short, not ovaries, atrophic testes, well developed breasts, Greater incidence of MELBOMIAN GLAND DYSFUNCTION)

Answer 44

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

Question 45

Chromosomally normal females exposed to excessive androgens At birth genitals appear to be male “Corrected” by minor surgery, most still reject a female gender identity with some assuming a male gender identity and behavior.

Answer 45

Fetally Androgenized Females

Question 46

Males who cannot produce crucial DHT

Answer 46

DHT - Lacking Males

Question 47

a hormone with powerful androgenic actions, causes the body to mature during puberty and is responsible for many of the physical characteristics associated with adult males.

Answer 47

Dihydrotestosterone

Question 48

Result – female appearing external genitals, at least initially. Typically raised as girls, they suddenly sprout into males at puberty. In one study, 16 of 18 cast off their female gender identity and happily assumed male sex roles.

Answer 48

DHT-Lacking Males

Question 49

the growth of coarse, dark hair in areas where women typically grow fine hair or no hair at all: above the lip and on the chin, chest, abdomen, and back. caused by an increased level of male hormones (androgens)

Answer 49

hirsutism

Question 50

_________ is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. 

Answer 50

Nature

Question 51

_______ is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception, e.g., the product of exposure, life experiences and learning on an individual.

Answer 51

Nurture