Chap 17/18

Question 1

Name the special senses

Answer 1

Hearing and equilibrium, taste, smell, vision

Special senses are associated with specific organs: ears for hearing and equilibrium, tongue for taste, nose for smell, and eyes for vision.

Question 2

What type of receptors are olfactory receptors?

Answer 2

Chemoreceptors

Chemoreceptors detect chemical molecules in the air, which is essential for the sense of smell.

Question 3

Where is the primary olfactory area located?

Answer 3

Temporal lobe of the brain

Question 4

What is the conjunctiva?

Answer 4

Thin, transparent membrane covering the sclera and lining the inside of the eyelids

Question 5

What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?

Answer 5

Produces and drains tears to lubricate and protect the eye

Question 6

What does the iris control?

Answer 6

Size of the pupil

Question 7

What is the pupil?

Answer 7

Opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye

Question 8

List the five primary tastes

Answer 8

• Sweet
• Sour
• Salty
• Bitter
• Umami

Question 9

What percentage of taste perception comes from smell?

Answer 9

Up to 80%

Question 10

What muscle adjusts the lens shape for focusing?

Answer 10

Ciliary muscle

Question 11

What is the blind spot?

Answer 11

Located where the optic nerve exits the eye; no photoreceptors are present

Question 12

What is the function of vitreous humour?

Answer 12

Stabilizes the eye and supports the retina

Question 13

Describe the sclera.

Answer 13

Tough outer layer that protects and gives structure to the eye

Question 14

What happens if the drainage of aqueous humour is blocked?

Answer 14

Intraocular pressure increases, potentially leading to glaucoma

Question 15

What is contained in the anterior chamber of the eye?

Answer 15

Aqueous humour

Question 16

What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eye?

Answer 16

Aqueous humour

Question 17

Where are taste receptors (taste buds) primarily located?

Answer 17

On the tongue, but also in the soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis

Question 18

What are the types of papillae that contain taste buds?

Answer 18

• Fungiform
• Foliate
• Circumvallate

Question 19

What is the lifespan of taste receptors?

Answer 19

Approximately 10 days

Question 20

Why does the pupil appear black?

Answer 20

It reflects the darkness of the retina at the back of the eye

Question 21

What are the functions of rods?

Answer 21

Detect light and dark; responsible for night vision

Question 22

What are the functions of cones?

Answer 22

Detect color; provide sharp, detailed vision

Question 23

What is the function of eyelashes?

Answer 23

Protect the eyes from debris and help trigger a blink reflex

Question 24

What is the function of eyebrows?

Answer 24

Prevent sweat and debris from entering the eyes

Question 25

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Answer 25

Brain (diencephalon)

Question 26

What gland is located below the hypothalamus?

Answer 26

Pituitary gland

Question 27

Where is the thyroid gland found?

Answer 27

Neck, in front of the trachea

Question 28

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

Answer 28

Embedded in the posterior thyroid

Question 29

What is the location of the adrenal glands?

Answer 29

On top of the kidneys

Question 30

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 30

Behind the stomach

Question 31

In which region are the ovaries and testes located?

Answer 31

Pelvic region

Question 32

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 32

Brain, near the thalamus

Question 33

What is the process of increasing receptor numbers in response to low hormone levels called?

Answer 33

Up-regulation

Question 34

What is the process of decreasing receptor numbers in response to high hormone levels called?

Answer 34

Down-regulation

Question 35

What do G proteins activate in relation to water-soluble hormones?

Answer 35

Production of cAMP (a second messenger)

Question 36

What hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 36

Aldosterone

Question 37

What is the role of cortisol secreted by the zona fasciculata?

Answer 37

Stress hormone, glucose regulation

Question 38

What hormones are secreted by the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 38

Androgens (sex hormones)

Question 39

What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 39

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 40

Which hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland? (List at least three)

Answer 40

* Growth hormone (GH) * Prolactin (PRL) * Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) * Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) * Luteinizing hormone (LH) * Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 41

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 41

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin

Question 42

Which hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

Answer 42

* Thyroxine (T4) * Triiodothyronine (T3) * Calcitonin

Question 43

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

Answer 43

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 44

What do the alpha cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 44

Glucagon

Question 45

What do the beta cells of the pancreas secrete?

Answer 45

Insulin

Question 46

What hormones are produced by the ovaries?

Answer 46

* Estrogen * Progesterone

Question 47

What hormone is secreted by the testes?

Answer 47

Testosterone

Question 48

What releases prolactin releasing hormone?

Answer 48

Hypothalamus

Question 49

What releases thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 49

Anterior pituitary

Question 50

What releases cortisol?

Answer 50

Suprarenal (adrenal) gland

Question 51

What releases antidiuretic hormone?

Answer 51

Posterior pituitary

Question 52

What releases calcitonin?

Answer 52

Thyroid gland

Question 53

What releases parathyroid hormone?

Answer 53

Parathyroid gland

Question 54

What releases estrogen?

Answer 54

Ovaries

Question 55

What releases insulin?

Answer 55

Beta cells of pancreas

Question 56

What releases glucagon?

Answer 56

Alpha cells of pancreas

Question 57

What releases melatonin?

Answer 57

Pineal gland

Question 58

What structure produces a fluid that contains water, salts, mucus, and lysozyme?

Answer 58

The lacrimal apparatus ## Footnote The lacrimal apparatus is essential for tear production and eye lubrication.

Question 59

Which muscle helps move the eye?

Answer 59

The superior rectus ## Footnote The superior rectus is one of the extraocular muscles responsible for eye movement.

Question 60

What is made of dense connective tissue and gives shape to the eyeball?

Answer 60

The sclera ## Footnote The sclera is the white outer layer of the eyeball.

Question 61

What produces aqueous humor?

Answer 61

The ciliary processes ## Footnote Aqueous humor is crucial for maintaining intraocular pressure and providing nutrients to the eye.

Question 62

What allows light to enter the eye?

Answer 62

The pupil ## Footnote The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris that regulates light entry.

Question 63

What regulates the amount of light that enters the eye?

Answer 63

The iris ## Footnote The iris adjusts the size of the pupil in response to light conditions.

Question 64

What structures give color vision?

Answer 64

Cones ## Footnote Cones are photoreceptor cells in the retina that detect color.

Question 65

What gives black, white, and gray vision?

Answer 65

Rods ## Footnote Rods are photoreceptor cells that function well in low light and do not detect color.

Question 66

This substance is formed during fetal life and is not continually replaced. What is it?

Answer 66

Vitreous humor ## Footnote Vitreous humor is a gel-like substance filling the space between the lens and the retina.