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IB GEOGRAPHY REVISION > Changing population and places Details > Flashcards

Changing population and places Details Flashcards

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1
Q

Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

A

-High stationary(Stage 1)
-Early expanding(Stage 2)
-Late expanding(Stage 3)
-Low stationary(Stage 4)
-Declining(Stage 5)

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2
Q

Features of stage 1(high stationary)

A

-Pre-industrial period
-CBR and CDR are high and fluctuating
-Little to no natural increase

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3
Q

Reasons for high birth rates(in stage 1)

A

-Families needing children to work
-High child mortality
-Lack of family planning
-Social/cultural factors(e.g. religion)
-People marrying earlier

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4
Q

Reasons for high death rates(in stage 1)

A

-Natural events(e.g. disease outbreaks)
-Famine
-Drought
-Lack of sanitation(due to limited knowledge of diseases)
-Poor healthcare
-Overcrowding

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5
Q

Features of stage 2(early expanding)

A

-Urbanising/industrialising period
-CBR remains high
-CDR drops rapidly
-NIR increases significantly
-Rapid population growth

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6
Q

Reasons for falling death rates(in stage 2)

A

-Improved food production
-Improvements in food storage
-Better hygiene(due to greater understanding of the spread of disease)
-Increased access to healthcare

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7
Q

Features of stage 3(late expanding)

A

-Industrial period
-Death rates continue to fall
-Birth rates start declining
-Lower NIR
-Population growth continues(albeit at a smaller rate)

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8
Q

Reasons for falling birth rates(in stage 3)

A

-Women marry later(hence have less children)
-Women stay in education longer(hence have less children)
-Improved status of women
-Increased availability of contraceptives
-Increased access to pensions/healthcare through government
-Better family planning
-Greater investment put in children’s education(hence having more children becomes a financial burden)

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9
Q

Features of stage 4(low stationary)

A

-Post-industrial period
-Low CBR(fluctuating)
-Low CDR(fluctuating)
-Low NIR
-Relatively large population(because of past population growth

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10
Q

Features of stage 5(declining)

A

–Post-industrial period
-Death rates exceed birth rates
-Ageing population ensues

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11
Q

Reasons why death rates exceed birth rates(in stage 5)

A

‘Lifestyle’ diseases(e.g. obesity, low exercise, etc.)

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12
Q

Criticisms of the Demographic Transition Model

A

-Too eurocentric(based on data from only England, Wales and Sweden)
-Doesn’t factor in:
-Government policies(to manage the population)
-Natural disasters, wars and epidemics
-Migration
-Only based on HICs
-Cultural and religious factors have maintained high birth rates in many LICs so they are stuck at stage 2

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13
Q

Types of population pyramids

A

-Expansive
-Constrictive
-Stationary

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14
Q

Features of expansive population pyramids

A

-Found in many LICs
-Depict populations with larger percentage of people in younger age groups
-Populations usually have high birth rates and low life expectancies

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15
Q

Features of constrictive population pyramids

A

-Found in many HICs
-Lower percentage of younger people
-Show declining birth rates and fertility rates
-Show high life expectancies

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16
Q

Features of stationary population pyramids

A

-Have a somewhat equal proportion of the population in each age group
-Birth rates are roughly equal to death rates
-Stable population

17
Q

To ensure a broadly stable population(assuming no net migration), what must the total fertility rate per woman be?

A

2.1

18
Q

Potential deductions from population pyramids

A

-Wide base indicated high birth rate
-Narrowing base indicates falling birth rates
-Straight/near-vertical slides reveal low death rates
-Concave slopes indicate high death rates
-Bulges in the slope indicate high rates of immigration
-Slices in the slope indicate emigration or age-specific or sex-specific deaths(epidemics, wars)

19
Q

Factors which affect the total fertility rate(TFR)

A

-The status of women
-Level of education and material ambition(the more educated the parents, the fewer the children generally)
-Location of residence
-Religion(religions usually encourage high birth rates)
-Health of the mother(unhealthy mothers have more pregnancies to compensate for higher infant mortalities)
-Economic prosperity
-The need for children

20
Q

Generally, in the developed world, there is a high proportion of…

A

elderly

21
Q

Generally, in the developing world, there is a high proportion of…

A

youth

22
Q

Types of forced migration

A

-Conflict-induced displacement
-Development-induced displacement
-Disaster-induced displacement

23
Q

Types of forced migrants

A

-Refugees
-Asylum seekers
-Internally displaced people/persons(IDPs)
-Development displacees
-Environmental and disaster displacees
-Smuggled people
-Trafficked people

24
Q

General causes of falling birth rates

A

-Increased availability of contraceptives
-More women working
-More girls being educated, hence marry later
-Reduction in infant mortality
-Greater availability of family planning
-Less need of children for labour

25
Q

Generally causes of falling death rates

A

-Improvement in healthcare
-More medicines/doctors available
-More/better quality food available
-Improvement in water supplies
-Improvement in sanitation/hygiene
-Reduction in wars/conflicts

26
Q

Examples of push factors

A

-Unemployment
-Low-paid jobs
-Poor housing/shelter
-No electricity
-Poor water supply
-Persecution
-Few doctors/clinics(worse healthcare)
-Natural disasters
-Harsh climate
-Civil war
-Few schools

27
Q

Examples of pull factors

A

-Better paid jobs
-Work
-Better housing/shelter
-Electricity supply
-Water supply
-Freedom of speech
-Better healthcare(more doctors/hospitals)
-Safer
-Chance to reunite with family
-Bright lights/word of mouth
-Chance to improve

28
Q

Positives of migration on the donor country

A

-Emigrants can send money home to family
-More resources for people left behind
-Emigratns may .earn new skills which may be useful if migrant returns home
-Less competition for jobs

29
Q

Negatives of migration on the donor country

A

-Brain Drain(qualified people may leave donor country, shrinking economy)
-Less people to pay tax
-Loss of young people/workforce/economically active
-Less demand for products and services, shrinking economy
-Risk of increased human trafficking
-Risk of underpopulation

30
Q

Positives of migration on the recipient country

A

-Boost to local economy
-Skill gaps are filled
-Increased cultural diversity
-Immigrant groups can increase birth rates
-Government tax revenues increase

31
Q

Negatives of migration on the recipient country

A

-Risk of overpopulation
-Increased levels of pollution
-Increased pressure on natural resources
-Pressure on public services(eg.healthcare, schools, etc.)
-(Perceived) loss of jobs from the local’s perspective
-Risk of cultural clashes
-Loss of culture

32
Q

Positives of migration on the migrants

A

-Chance to obtain regular work
-Chance of better quality of life
-Chance of better standard of living
-Safety from conflict
-Chance of better education

33
Q

Negatives of migration on the migrants

A

-Racial discrimination
-May have low-paid work
-Potential language barriers
-Exploitation
-Hard to get housing

34
Q

Factors which influence people to live in certain areas

A

-Flat land
-Employment
-Good communications
-Natural resources
-Reliable water supplies
-Fertile soil

35
Q

Factors which dissuade people from living in certain areas:

A

-Infertile soils
-Steep relief
-Bad climate
-Marshy land

36
Q

Features of core areas

A

-Tertiary/Quaternary sector
-High economic power
-Advanced technology
-Well-developed infrastructure
-Highly skilled workforce
-HIgher wages and better working conditions
-Receives the most investment
-People from either areas usually migrate here

37
Q

Features of semi-periphery areas

A

-Secondary sector
-Have emerging economies
-Developing infrastructure
-Often involved in trade and/or migration

38
Q

Features of periphery areas

A

-Primary sector
-Low economic development
-Relatively underdeveloped systems and infrastructure
-Higher poverty rates
-High levels of emigration

IB GEOGRAPHY REVISION (12 decks)

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