Changing population and places Details Flashcards
Stages of the Demographic Transition Model
-High stationary(Stage 1)
-Early expanding(Stage 2)
-Late expanding(Stage 3)
-Low stationary(Stage 4)
-Declining(Stage 5)
Features of stage 1(high stationary)
-Pre-industrial period
-CBR and CDR are high and fluctuating
-Little to no natural increase
Reasons for high birth rates(in stage 1)
-Families needing children to work
-High child mortality
-Lack of family planning
-Social/cultural factors(e.g. religion)
-People marrying earlier
Reasons for high death rates(in stage 1)
-Natural events(e.g. disease outbreaks)
-Famine
-Drought
-Lack of sanitation(due to limited knowledge of diseases)
-Poor healthcare
-Overcrowding
Features of stage 2(early expanding)
-Urbanising/industrialising period
-CBR remains high
-CDR drops rapidly
-NIR increases significantly
-Rapid population growth
Reasons for falling death rates(in stage 2)
-Improved food production
-Improvements in food storage
-Better hygiene(due to greater understanding of the spread of disease)
-Increased access to healthcare
Features of stage 3(late expanding)
-Industrial period
-Death rates continue to fall
-Birth rates start declining
-Lower NIR
-Population growth continues(albeit at a smaller rate)
Reasons for falling birth rates(in stage 3)
-Women marry later(hence have less children)
-Women stay in education longer(hence have less children)
-Improved status of women
-Increased availability of contraceptives
-Increased access to pensions/healthcare through government
-Better family planning
-Greater investment put in children’s education(hence having more children becomes a financial burden)
Features of stage 4(low stationary)
-Post-industrial period
-Low CBR(fluctuating)
-Low CDR(fluctuating)
-Low NIR
-Relatively large population(because of past population growth
Features of stage 5(declining)
–Post-industrial period
-Death rates exceed birth rates
-Ageing population ensues
Reasons why death rates exceed birth rates(in stage 5)
‘Lifestyle’ diseases(e.g. obesity, low exercise, etc.)
Criticisms of the Demographic Transition Model
-Too eurocentric(based on data from only England, Wales and Sweden)
-Doesn’t factor in:
-Government policies(to manage the population)
-Natural disasters, wars and epidemics
-Migration
-Only based on HICs
-Cultural and religious factors have maintained high birth rates in many LICs so they are stuck at stage 2
Types of population pyramids
-Expansive
-Constrictive
-Stationary
Features of expansive population pyramids
-Found in many LICs
-Depict populations with larger percentage of people in younger age groups
-Populations usually have high birth rates and low life expectancies
Features of constrictive population pyramids
-Found in many HICs
-Lower percentage of younger people
-Show declining birth rates and fertility rates
-Show high life expectancies
Features of stationary population pyramids
-Have a somewhat equal proportion of the population in each age group
-Birth rates are roughly equal to death rates
-Stable population
To ensure a broadly stable population(assuming no net migration), what must the total fertility rate per woman be?
2.1
Potential deductions from population pyramids
-Wide base indicated high birth rate
-Narrowing base indicates falling birth rates
-Straight/near-vertical slides reveal low death rates
-Concave slopes indicate high death rates
-Bulges in the slope indicate high rates of immigration
-Slices in the slope indicate emigration or age-specific or sex-specific deaths(epidemics, wars)
Factors which affect the total fertility rate(TFR)
-The status of women
-Level of education and material ambition(the more educated the parents, the fewer the children generally)
-Location of residence
-Religion(religions usually encourage high birth rates)
-Health of the mother(unhealthy mothers have more pregnancies to compensate for higher infant mortalities)
-Economic prosperity
-The need for children
Generally, in the developed world, there is a high proportion of…
elderly
Generally, in the developing world, there is a high proportion of…
youth
Types of forced migration
-Conflict-induced displacement
-Development-induced displacement
-Disaster-induced displacement
Types of forced migrants
-Refugees
-Asylum seekers
-Internally displaced people/persons(IDPs)
-Development displacees
-Environmental and disaster displacees
-Smuggled people
-Trafficked people
General causes of falling birth rates
-Increased availability of contraceptives
-More women working
-More girls being educated, hence marry later
-Reduction in infant mortality
-Greater availability of family planning
-Less need of children for labour
