Changes in Genetic Makeup of a Population Flashcards
Evolution
The gradual change in heritable traits in a population over time
Gene pool
all the available alleles for a gene within a breeding population of organisms
Allele frequency
the relative frequency a version of a gene (allele) has within a population
Mutation
any change in genetic code.
Two types of mutations:
- point mutations
-block mutations
Point Mutations
changes to a single base pair.
Types of point mutations: - silent mutations
- missense mutations
- nonsense mutations
- frameshift mutations
Silent mutations
base substitution mutations that lead to no change in the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein
Missense mutations
a mutation that causes a different amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain
Nonsense mutation
mutation that results in a premature STOP codon
Frameshift mutations
a change in the reading frame (e.g. due to the insertion or deletion, but not a substitution)
Block Mutation
changes to entire segments of DNA
types of block mutations:
- deletion
- duplication
- translocation
- inversion
- insertion
Deletion
a portion of the chromosome is removed
Duplication
part of chromosome is copied, resulting in chromosome having two or more copies of that section
Translocation
part of two chromosomes are swapped.
Reciprocal translocation - two chromosomes exchange material
Inversion
a segment of chromosome is removed, then replaced in reverse order
Insertion
part of one chromosome is added to a different chromosome
Natural Selection
process by which heritable traits increase an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction - these traits are favoured over less beneficial traits
> physical agents (e.g. climate change and foot shortages)
biological agents (e.g. infectious diseases, predation, competition)
chemical agents (e.g. pollutants in soil and water)
Principle of Natural Selection
These conditions must be met for natural selection to occur:
- Organism must be able to reproduce
- Members of the population must have variations (phenotypes)
- Traits must be heritable and provide an advantage against certain selective pressures
Levels of selection
Complete selection against a phenotype occurs when any organism with a given phenotype cannot reproduce because of death before reproductive age is reached or because of sterility
Partial selection against a phenotype occurs when mating involving that phenotype produce on average fewer viable and fertile offspring relative to other mating.
Genetic drift
no apparent reason causes a change in allele frequency
Bottleneck Effect
random, drastic reduction in a population (e.g. due to a natural disaster), which changes the gene pool – the gene pool is then limited to the alleles the survivor has - this does not include population reductions because of environmental changes
Founder effect
where members of a larger population establish a new population in a new (biologically) isolated area. The gene pool of the new population is limited to those the founder carried
Allopatric Speciation
- Occurs when a population of a species becomes permanently geographically isolated, resulting in no gene flow between them and other populations.
Factors that can split a population into geographically isolated groups
> quick acting (e.g. habitat fragmentation owing to clearing or construction)
slow acting (e.g. change of a river course)
even slower geological processes (e.g. uplift of mountains or rising sea levels)
Steps of speciation
- GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION: a permanent geographical barrier forms (e.g. a mountain or river), separating one part of the population from the rest – prevents gene flow between the 2 populations
- SELECTION PRESSURES: the 2 populations experience different selection pressures and mutations, resulting in changes to their gene pool and allele frequencies
- DIFFERENCES ACCUMULATE: over many generations the differences accumulate, to the point where if they came into contact again, they would no longer be able to produce viable, fertile offspring – they’re now separate species
Differences in phenotypic characteristics that would prevent the ability to mate and produce viable and fertile offspring include
- Mating call: one population’s mating call may not be recognised by another population
- Structural isolation: population’s not mating with each other because they are physically unable to (e.g. size of dogs)
- Temporal isolation: populations are separated from each other by time (e.g. plants flowering at different times of the year)
- Geographical isolation: populations are separated by a geographical barrier (e.g. mountain, river) and cannot come into contact in the wild
Sympatric speciation
Evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region.
Subspeciation
Geographical barrier, genetic variation exists and populations have different pressures. Gene flow is limited, not stopped.
Artificial selection
Humans pick organisms with desirable traits.