Ch.8 Learning

Question 1

Sensitization

Answer 1

Increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus

Question 2

Aversion therapy

Answer 2

Application of counter conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unpleasant unconditioned stimulus

Question 3

Conditioned reinforcer

Answer 3

Gains value from being associated with other things that are valued

Question 4

Habituation

Answer 4

Form of learning where reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 5

Environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

Development of a learned response

Question 7

Conditioned response CR

Answer 7

Reaction learned through classical conditioning

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus UCS

Answer 8

Elicits a response without prior experience

Question 9

Unconditioned response UCR

Answer 9

Reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of restive

Question 11

Inhibition

Answer 11

Feature of classical conditioning where a conditioned stimulus predicts the non occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

Discrimination

Answer 12

Learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

Question 13

Generalization

Answer 13

Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Higher order conditioning

Answer 14

Learning where stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicits conditioned responses

Question 15

Latent inhibition

Answer 15

Slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar than when unfamiliar

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

Method for increasing behaviours that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence

Question 17

Systemic desensitization

Answer 17

Type of counter conditioning where people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear

Question 18

Positive punishment

Answer 18

Consequences that eliminate or reduce the frequency of a behaviour by applying an aversive stimulus

Question 19

Negative punishment

Answer 19

Method for reducing behaviour by removing something desirable whenever the tragedy behaviour occurs

Question 20

Partial reinforcement

Answer 20

Reinforcement of a desired behaviour in some occasions but not others

Question 21

Latent learning

Answer 21

Occurs in the absence of reinforcement

Question 22

Partial reinforcement effect in extinction

Answer 22

Increases following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial reinforcement

Question 23

Method of successive approximations

Answer 23

Method of increasing the frequency of behaviours that never or rarely occur

Question 24

Token economy

Answer 24

Items that can be exchanged for other reinforcers increase the frequency of desirable behaviours

Question 25

Variable ratio

Answer 25

Reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviours

Question 26

Classical conditioning

Answer 26

Type of learning where associations form between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time

Question 27

Non associative learning

Answer 27

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli

Question 28

Operant conditioning

Answer 28

Type of learning where associations are formed between behaviours and their outcomes

Question 29

Associative learning

Answer 29

Formation of connections among stimuli and behaviours

Question 30

Fixed interval

Answer 30

First response following a specified interval is reinforced

Question 31

Variable interval

Answer 31

First response following a varying period is reinforced

Question 32

Fixed ratio

Answer 32

Reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviours

Question 33

Instinct

Answer 33

inborn pattern of behaviours elicited by an environmental stimulus also known as a fixed action pattern

Question 34

Learning

Answer 34

Relatively permanent change in behaviour or the capacity for behaviour due to experience