Ch.8 Learning Flashcards
Sensitization
Increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus
Aversion therapy
Application of counter conditioning where a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unpleasant unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned reinforcer
Gains value from being associated with other things that are valued
Habituation
Form of learning where reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning
Acquisition
Development of a learned response
Conditioned response CR
Reaction learned through classical conditioning
Unconditioned stimulus UCS
Elicits a response without prior experience
Unconditioned response UCR
Reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience
Spontaneous recovery
During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned responses after periods of restive
Inhibition
Feature of classical conditioning where a conditioned stimulus predicts the non occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination
Learned ability to distinguish between stimuli
Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus
Higher order conditioning
Learning where stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicits conditioned responses
Latent inhibition
Slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus is already familiar than when unfamiliar
Negative reinforcement
Method for increasing behaviours that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence
Systemic desensitization
Type of counter conditioning where people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear
Positive punishment
Consequences that eliminate or reduce the frequency of a behaviour by applying an aversive stimulus
Negative punishment
Method for reducing behaviour by removing something desirable whenever the tragedy behaviour occurs
Partial reinforcement
Reinforcement of a desired behaviour in some occasions but not others
Latent learning
Occurs in the absence of reinforcement
Partial reinforcement effect in extinction
Increases following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial reinforcement
Method of successive approximations
Method of increasing the frequency of behaviours that never or rarely occur
Token economy
Items that can be exchanged for other reinforcers increase the frequency of desirable behaviours
Variable ratio
Reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviours
Classical conditioning
Type of learning where associations form between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time
Non associative learning
Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to stimuli
Operant conditioning
Type of learning where associations are formed between behaviours and their outcomes
Associative learning
Formation of connections among stimuli and behaviours
Fixed interval
First response following a specified interval is reinforced
Variable interval
First response following a varying period is reinforced
Fixed ratio
Reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviours
Instinct
inborn pattern of behaviours elicited by an environmental stimulus also known as a fixed action pattern
Learning
Relatively permanent change in behaviour or the capacity for behaviour due to experience
