CH8- Disorders Flashcards
What are the four D
Deviance
Distress
Dysfunction
Danger
Deviance
Deviance of behavior, thoughts, emotions from society
Deviance of social norms
How can deviance vary
Vary from society to society as norms grows from a particular culture.
Distress
Behaviors, ideas, emotions have to cause distress before they can be labeled abnormal
For it to be a disorder it must cause distress to the person
How does distress affect a person
Wears them down, make them feel bad
However not every person with a psychological disorder can feel distress. (NPD)
Dysfunction
Abnormal behavior interferes with daily functioning (work, relationships)
Ex: hypersexuality ->masturbation -> fired
Danger
Not very common
Only rule psychologist can break confidentiality (hurt themselves or someone else)
Behavior may be consistently careless, hostile, confused
Mental disorder
Persiste et disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress to impairment
Medical model
abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses have: - bio
- assign symptoms - possible treatment
Signs
Objectively observed indicators of a disorder
Symptoms
Subjectively reported behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
Three related general medical and classification terms
- Disease: name of this the disorder
- Disorder : set of sign and symptoms
- Diagnosis: process
DSM (1952)
Describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder
Indicate how the disorders can be distinguished from other, similar problems
Comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual (overlapse)
Cultural context influences how mental disorders
Experienced
Described
Assessed
Treated
(More normalized in usa, less in china)
What causes disorders
- Biopsychosocial perspective
- Medical model of mental disorder
- Diathesis–stress model (next slide)
What can cause a psychological disorders
Diathesis (vulnerability ) x Stress
How does stigmas can affect people
- 60% of sufferers not seek treatment
- education doesn’t dispel the stigma
- labeling may result in unnecessary incarceration
- may result in low self-esteem
What can we do to make less stigma
Awareness : help others to understand and normalize disorder and behavior
Anxiety disorder
Class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant
What therapy works well with anxiety
ACT
Types of anxiety disorders
Phobic disorders
Panic disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Phobic disorder
Persistent and excessive irrational fear and avoidance of objects, activities or situations.
Cannot be controlled
Lead to avoidance: causing dysfunction and distress
Types of phobic disorders
Specific phobia: scared of a specific thing
Social phobia: irrational fear of being public humiliated or embarrassed
Panic disorders
sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror; panic attacks (you think you are going to die) that are repetitive.
Subcategory of agoraphobia
Specific phobia involving a fear of public places (can be caused by panic attacks)
ex: panic attack at school —> you will avoid school because you are scared to have another one
Generalized anxiety disorders
We tend to see this the most,
gaba neurotransmitters are weak
characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
-Overly sensitive alarm system
OCD
repetitive, intrusive, thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning.
What causes OCD
Genetic, but it’s also influenced by modeling your parents
OCD consequences
Willpower is not enough, you cant control it
At some point it becomes a ritual (usually starts small), doesn’t become enough (need to make it more complicated)
Mood disorders
Mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature.
Major depressive disorder
severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and that is accompanied by.
- Feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure
- Lethargy (no motivation )
- Sleep(more/less) and appetite disturbances (more/less)
- A change in an individual
Seasonal affective disorders
Depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
Women experience depression at a higher rate (22%) than do men (14%).
Women can experience postpartum depression (depression following childbirth)
Causes of depressive and bipolar disorders
Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin)
Genes (heritability)
Diathesis-stress model (influence of major stressful life events)
Negative thoughts contribute to depression
Aaron beck
dysfunctional attitudes and negative mood states in depressed individuals. Depression from the base of your cognition.
Helplessness theory
Learned to be helpless. People that have an internal (i suck) stable and a global (all the time) way to think negatively are more likely to develop depression
Beck updated cognitive model
Negative schema developed in depressed people through combination of genetic vulnerability and negative early life experiences
• Depressed individuals tend to have depressive biases in thinking and memory.
Challenge them. You don’t always suck.
Bipolar disorder
Unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
What causes bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder has the highest heritability (polygenic) among the psychological disorders.
- Lifetime risk
- Common genetic risk factors
- Biological causes (increase neurotransmitters too much—> mania)
- Stressful life experiences
- Suppressed emotions
Schizophrenia
- A profound disruption of basic psychological processes : dissociation with reality
- A distorted perception of reality : delusions
- Altered or blunted emotion : inappropriate or none
- Disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
Schizophrenia positive symptoms
- Hallucinations : perceiving things that aren’t here (psychical touch, hear, visual)
- Delusions : you think something is happening, false beliefs (grandiose, irrational)
Ex: believing someone is following you, believing you are god - Disorganized speech : no flow in speech, saying one thing then another
- Grossly disorganized behavior : trouble achieving goals or abnormal routine
Ex: making a grocery list, taking clothes off in the shower - Catatonic behavior : (rare) sitting in a position and not moving or moving a lot all around
Negative symptoms schizophrenia
- Emotional and social withdrawal : lack of empathy, doesn’t care, can’t connect with others
- Apathy
- Poverty of speech : speak little or none at all
- Other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion
Cognitive symptoms
Deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention, and working memory
Factors of schizophrenia
Genetic factors
Environmental factors (prenatal and perinatal environment, epigenetic changes)
Neurotransmitters (dopamine)
Personality disorders
characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning (they don’t see that always)
What are the three clusters of personality disorders
- odd/eccentric
- dramatic/erratic (most volatile for emotions , lying, little self awareness)
- anxious/inhibited (related to anxiety but more fear based)
How is the diagnosis of personality disorders
Diagnosis is controversial and complicated
Hard to identify and cure (hard to treat or no helped seeked)
They might not think they have a problem
Cluster A of PD
Odd/eccentric
Paranoid
Odd/eccentric
Aggressive
Distrust in others, suspicion of people
Apt to challenge loyalty
Often jealous, guarded, secretive, overly serious
Schizoid
Odd/eccentric
Fear others
Extreme introversion and withdrawal from relationship
Fear of closeness, poor social skills, loner
Schizotypal
Odd/eccentric
Magic thinking
Peculiar or eccentric manner of speaking/dressing
React oddly, no respond, self talk
Cluster b
Dramatic erratic
Antisocial
Dramatic/erratic
No fear/stress response
Impoverished moral sens
Deception,crime,legal problems, impulsive aggressive
Little empathy
High substance risk
Borderline
Lot of emotions
Dramatic/erratic
Unstable/ intense moods
Self mutilation or suicidal gestures for attention or manipulation
Tend to see all good or all bad
Histrionic
Dramatic/erratic Constant attention seeking Grandiose language/provocative/exaggerated illnesses Overly dramatic/flirtatious “On stage”
Narcissistic
Dramatic/erratic
Inflated sense of self-importance
Absorbed by fantasies of self and success
Exaggerate own achievements, assume people see them as superiors
Good first impressions but poor long-term
Cluster c
Anxious/inhibited
Avoidant
Anxious/inhibited
Low self esteem
Socially anxious and uncomfortable unless they are confident of being liked
Yearns for social contact
Fears criticism and worries of being embarassed
Dependent
Anxious/inhibited
Submissive, dependent, requiring excessive approval Clings to people Lacking self-confidence Uncomfortable in alone Devastated by end of close relationship
Obsessive compulsive
Anxious/ inhibited
Oderly, perfectionists
Need to do everything right
High standard (inflexible)
Poor expressions of emotions
