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psychology > CH3- Neuroscience > Flashcards

CH3- Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What are neurons?

A

cells in the nervous system that communicate with one another to perform information-processing tasks such as all thoughts, feelings, behaviors and produces an output

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2
Q

What are the components of the neuron?

A 
Cell body 
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
Terminal button
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3
Q

What is a cell body?

A

part of a neuron that coordinates information-processing tasks and keeps the cell alive. Decides if it send an action potential

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4
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

the part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body.

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5
Q

What is an axon?

A

the part of a neutron that carries information to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Carries the electric signal

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6
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

an insulating layer of fatty material. Allows the information to travel faster

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7
Q

What is a terminal button?

A

knob like structures that branch out from an axon.

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8
Q

What does a myeline axon do?

A

It makes the information travel faster

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9
Q

What is the synapse?

A

Point of communication between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron

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10
Q

What are the neurons specialized by a function?

A

Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons

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11
Q

What are sensory neurons?

Give ex

A

receive information from the external world; convey this information to the brain via the spinal cord(for some of them).

Ex: eye, nose, skin

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12
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

carry signals from the spinal cord to the muscles to produce movement

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13
Q

What are interneurons?

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurons, located in the spinal cord.

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14
Q

Conduction communication between neurons

A

Movement of electrical signal writhing neurons

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15
Q

Transmission communication between neurons

A

Movement of signal from one neuron to another due to signaling across the synapse

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16
Q

What is electric signaling?

A

Conduction information within a neuron

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17
Q

What is a resting potential?

A

Difference in l’electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron’s cell membrane

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18
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Electric signal that is conducted along a neuron’s axon to a synapse

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19
Q

What is a chemical signaling?

A

The transmission of information between neurons through chemicals called neurotransmitters

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20
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals that transmit information across the synapse to a receiving neuron’s dendrites

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21
Q

What are receptors?

A

Parts of the cell membrane that receive the neurotransmitters and initiate or prevent a new electric signal

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22
Q

Does a presynaptic neuron do ?

A

It sends neurons

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23
Q

What does a post synaptic neuron do?

A

It receives neurotransmitters

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24
Q

What is the function of acetylcholine (ACH)

A

Involved in a number of functions: voluntary motor control (walking, dancing…)

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25
Q

What is the function of dopamine (DA)

A

Important in anything that has to do with pleasure, major role in addiction

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26
Q

What is the function of glutamate?

A

Vacillate information to the next neuron

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27
Q

What is the function of GABA?

A

Prevent sending information to the next neuron

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28
Q

What is the function on norepinephrine?

A

Neurohormones: a neurotransmitter (in synapse) and a hormone (in blood)

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29
Q

What is the function of serotonin (5-HT)?

A

Mood stabilizer, creates feelings of well being.

People with depression have lower levels of serotonin

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30
Q

What is the function of endorphins?

A

Reduces feelings of pain and stress (can become an addiction)

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31
Q

What are agonists?

A

A drug that increase the action of a neurotransmitter.

It can either make more or mimics a neurotransmitter

32
Q

What are antagonists?

A

A drug that blocks the function of a neurotransmitter

Either blocks the receptor or makes the vesicles leaky (less neurotransmitters)

33
Q

What is the neuro system?

A

An interacting network of neurons that convey electrochemical information throughout the body

34
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

35
Q

What are the two components of the CNS and their functions?

A

The brain: supports perception, motor functions, emotion, cognition

Spinal cord: branches down from the brain

36
Q

What are the three functions of the CNS?

A
  1. Receiving sensory information from the outside world
  2. Process and coordinate the information acquired
  3. Command a response (skeletal and muscular )
37
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

A

Part of the nervous system that connects the central nervous system to the body’s organs and muscles.

38
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

39
Q

What is the somatic nervous system (SNS)?

A

A set of nerves that convey information between voluntary muscles and the central nervous system. It carries out the command.

40
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

A set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands

41
Q

What is the ANS composed of ?

A

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

42
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

Set of nerves that prepares the body for action in challenging or threatening situations. What gathers energy (increase in heart rate, sugar… flight or fight mode)

43
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state

44
Q

What is the spinal reflex?

A

Simple pathways in the nervous system that rapidly generate muscle contraction.

45
Q

What is the reflex arc?

A

Many actions of the central nervous system dont require the brain’s input. The brain is bypassed

46
Q

What are the three division of the brain?

A

The hindbrain, the midbrain and the forebrain

47
Q

What is the hindbrain composed of ?

A

Medulla
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
Pons

48
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

The area of the brain that coordinates information coming into and out of the spinal cord. Vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat

49
Q

What is the medulla?

A

An extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate, circulation and respiration

50
Q

What is a reticular formation?

A

Brain structure that regulates sleep, wakefulness and levels of arousal

51
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

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52
Q

What is the pons?

A

Relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

53
Q

What is the functions of the midbrain?

A

The midbrain is important for orientation and movement.

It’s the connection point between the forebrain and the hindbrain

54
Q

What is the midbrain composed of?

A

Tectum

Tegmentum

55
Q

What is the tectum?

A

Part if the brain that orients an organism the environment

56
Q

What is a tegmentum?

A

Part of the midbrain that involves in movement and arousal

57
Q

What is the forebrain?

A

It’s the highest level of the brain. It controls complex cognitive, emotional, sensory and motor functions.

58
Q

In what parts is the forebrain divided in?

A

Subcortical structures

Cerebral cortex

59
Q

What are the subcortical structures?

A

Areas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the center of the brain

60
Q

What are the subcortical structures composed of?

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Basal ganglia
Pituitary gland
61
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

Subcortical structures
Relays and filters information from the sense and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex (processes information)

62
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Subcortical struc
Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst and sexual behavior
Sensitive to neurohormones

63
Q

What is the hippocampus?

A

Subcortical structure
Critical for creating new memories and inter grating them into a network of knowledges so that they can be stores indefinitely in other parts of the cerebral cortex.
Short term to long term memory

64
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Brain structure that plays a central tole in many emotional processes, particularly in the formation of emotional memories.

65
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

66
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Releases hormones that direct many other glands. Where your brain interacts with blood vessels. (Maturity, puberty and growth)

67
Q

What is the goal of glial cells?

A

To support neurons

68
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Network of glands that produce and secrete hormones

69
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messages that influences serval basic functions such as growth, sexual maturation

70
Q

What are the main hormone producing glands?

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituary glands
Pancreas
Thyroid glands
Adrenal glands
Pineal glands
Ovary
Teste
71
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Outermost layer of the brain

72
Q

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A

Perception, emotions, movement, memory and thoughts

73
Q

What is the left hemisphere of the brain responsible for?

A

Language functions, it controls right side of the body

74
Q

What is the right side of the brain responsible for?

A

Non verbal abilities

Controls left side of the brain

75
Q

What are the lobes in the cerebral cortex?

A

Occipital lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe

psychology (6 decks)

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